Essay example --

The role of courts and constitutional juridical review in constitutional structures.To understand any(prenominal) social value or goal is important to get the pulse of a certain society but standing al one(a) tell us nothing about law and public policy outcomes, so the central question resides on institutional choice. The answer of how can a society have a go at it the outcome of a certain policy resides on the institution chosen to best carry out the protection of that policy. The strengths and weakness of one institution versus other vary from one set of circumstances to another and will let us measure the efficiency of that particular institution. Any constitutional framework is opened to its own societys goals and values evolution, but seeking to revise existing constitutions or establish youthful ones, as well as creating parvenu legislation, one will always be exposed to the scrutiny of its people. That scrutiny is most of the times, in democratic regimes, established by a regime of judicial review. This practice, where courts are called upon to review a legislative act in order to determine its compliance with the constitutional framework, stems from the balance aimed by the separation of powers, granting the courts the monopoly of this review for reasons of independence and transparency. In order to understand the allocation of resources in this particular institution we have to understand the link between any society goals and values and that adjudicatory process chosen, having done so, we should be able to understand the factors that make a social or law and public policy issue more or less attractive for judicial review with a comparative institution analysis comprehensive approach.The system of constitutional judicial review is the most commonalty ins... ...nk will always be exposed to the several factors exposed and ones ability to manage them is decisive to any major player in the institution at stake. In the constitutional framework the same constants and variables influence the link between policy and outcome but with some striking factors organism more decisive higher threshold access cost, limited scale, and judicial independence. To effectively revise or draft new constitutions or implement new legislation regarding fundamental rights one has to always consider all this factors, only doing so it is possible to generate harmony within a society, or else in that location will always be a big gap between various sectors of that society. Only by recognizing the heterogeneity of a certain society one can manage the variables that compose it and be effective on addressing fundamental values or rights. Antnio Pinto de Mesquita

Communist Manifesto Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Karl Marx

Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto states that the wage gap pull up stakes eventu in ally result in revolutions of working class across the world, and consequently difference in classes will be vanished. Whereas, Robert Reich in Why the Rich are getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer argues that American strategy of economic development, which is based on expansion of the production, will lead to collapse of American economy. Though, the poor masses will suffer of variant deprivations, wealthy people will be putted into even more unenviable situation in both cases. Moreover, scenario given by Marx in his work proposes the tally position for the rich people than Reich describes.First of all, the equal situations illustrated by both authors are result of over-extension of the market. This is due to the fact that trading relations is no semipermanent bounded by national b line of battles and bay windows are selling their products not only in the specific region, but on the ever y part of the globe, in order to get more profit. Such profit-seeking concept of producers also forced them to make production process as cheap as possible. For example, high-volume production was moved from real to developing countries with cheap labor force (Reich, p. 5), also as the production becomes automated to exclude the costs due to workers salary (Marx, p.44, Reich p.17). gibe to Reich, policy of American national companies, which is to expand distribution market, will eventually trigger slow but constant economical degradation. And as the American corporation sold its goods and services all over the world, the purchasing power of American workers became far less relevant to its economic survival (Reich, p.43). As the result of this, all classes in America wi... ...ening wage gap. Reich states that economic crisis in America will result in lost wealth of the rich people, but that issue will affect only well-off people in America, consequently they can either immigrate t o different country before he gets poor or invest in overseas companies. On the other hand from Marxs point of view wealthy people will literally get undone by proletarians due to three reasons. Firstly, the proletarian revolution will be worldwide, so the rich people wont have a come in to run to, everywhere will be the same equal society. Secondly, proletarian revolution is inevitable therefore rich man cant deflect the Specter of Communism. Finally, if the former rich man will rise against communism he will be punished. Thus, in Marxs scenario of sinking of wealthy people they are doomed, as there is no way for them to avoid that state of affairs.

Analysis of The Best Little Girl in the World :: Best Little Girl in the World Essays

Analysis of The trump out Little Girl in the World The author of my confine is Steven Levenkron. Warner Books published this book in September of 1978 in New York, NY. The genre of my book is fiction with suspense. The Best Little Girl in the World could be based on a true story, only if it is not completely true to life. It would fall under the suspense category because the reader does not know if Kessa will live or die. The all-important purposes of this book atomic number 18 to inform and to narrate. The author does a nice job of achieving his purpose. I am now aware of the galore(postnominal) dangers of the deadly disease being described. Steven Levenkron has many qualifications. He is a practicing psychotherapist with a specialty in eating disorders (The Best Little Girl in the World page 2). He has been a clinical consultant at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center as well as the Center for the study of Anorexia and Bulimia in New York metropolis (page 2). He is also a current member of ANAD of Highland Park, Illinois (page 2). This book does book a few weaknesses but more strengths. A weakness would have to be the ending. It is not eventful. I was hoping for a surprise of some sort, and it never came. However, I noted many strengths. The descriptive details seem great. Although the details get along rather gross at points, I think that is a good thing. That way a reader discovers the harsh reality of the disease. The thinner is the winner (The Best Little Girl in the World Steven Levenkron page 25). This is a powerful quote because thinness is what the whole story is based upon. Kessa thinks that the thinner she is the better. She is most unquestionably proved wrong in the end. I noted three main settings used in this book. The Best Little Girl in the World takes turn up in the year of 1979. The first one is the Dietrichs home. Their apartment is located in New York City. The second location is at Francescas dancing studio downtown. The t hird location where the action takes place is in the hospital. Kessa is in the hospital for about three months, and then she is released to live at home. Four main characters are present in this book. They happen to be Kessa, Lila, Grace and Harold.

The Scaffold Scenes in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet

Hester Prynne passed through this portion of her ordeal, and came to a sort of hold (51), Hawthorne tells in the hatchway seen of the fiction, The Scarlet Letter. The scaffold is a place for punishment. This scaffold constituted a portion of a penal machine, which now, for two or three generations past, has been merely historic and traditionary among us, but was held, in the old time, to be as effectual an agent in the promotion of good citizenship, as ever was the guillotine, Hawthorne states in explaining the scaffolds use. The scaffold had woody steps leading on to it. The steps of the scaffold became the walk of death for many people before they were beheaded. A balcony or open gallery stood over the platform and was attached to the meetinghouse. During Hesters punishment, the ministers and Governor sat in the gallery in order to question her. The scaffold was located at the western phallus of the market place, near the church. The scaffold was a raised platform made of woo d and iron. Men and women who sinned would be forced on the scaffold, either for beheading or, in Hesters case, extreme embarrassment. The scaffold appears in the book three times, during three major scenes. The scenes are placed equally apart in the book, one at the beginning, in the middle and in the final scene at the end. The first scaffold scene encompasses Hesters punishment and open confession. While the third scaffold scene includes Dimmesdales confession. In the second or middle scaffold scene, both Hester and Dimmesdale are on the scaffold in the middle of the night. The scaffold is introduced in the novel for its literal uses, but the scaffold comes to symbolize and embody many other meanings. The scaffold is a symbol of the... ... for his sin. Both in the novel and in mundane use, the scaffold has a certain connotation to it. For instance, a person told that they were going to be scaffolded would most likely be fearful. However, as used scaffolding could just now mean that they were going to be propped up. Likewise, in The Scarlet Letter all Puritans fear chastisement on the scaffold. In the novel, the scaffold is never used for normal speaking or a theatrical performance, but only for the confession of sin. Most Puritans did not realize that the scaffold could have many positive uses. Likewise, to be scaffolded, by definition, is just as likely to be a good action as a bad one. Unfortunately, most historical documentation more or less the scaffold relates to of executions and punishments. Thus, the word scaffold can do many beneficial things for mankind, yet carries a very negative aura.

How does Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men portray the position of women Ess

How does Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men portray the position of womenin 1930s America?Of Mice & Men by John Steinbeck is set during the depression andhighlights the innate economical and social problems through eachcharacter. We see them all aspire to live the American Dream, whilein pursuit for this life disregard one some other and do non acknowledgethe importance of friendship, in the world of isolation. Lonelinessand dreams are recurring themes through out the novel. Curley s wifeis a signalise figure with in the novel. On a social level she embodies theposition of women during the depression and the way in which theiremotions had been ignored.George and Lennie are warned of her by candy when they first overstep theranch. He describes her as tart because shes only been Marriedtwo weeks and got the eye?, we already have am instant dis uniform abouther and we still havent met her.Steinbeck has purposely not given Curleys wife a name, whichhighlights the concept of womens socia l position during thedepression and how they seemed to be viewed as vigor more than amans possession. In this case she is nothing more than CurleyspossessionWe first meet Curleys wife in the barn house her presence is almoststriking. Her appearance seems to embody the image we had constructedfrom candys description provoking and very suggesting.She had full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Herfingernails were redThe use of the colour red puts emphasis on the idea of her being aseductress and like a scarlet woman. However it also representsdanger and we are already aware of Lennies attraction to red. Thedescription of her movements is a projection of her sensuo... ...r she dreams more of being recognize by the masses, she craves the attention that she lacks inthe farm. She seemed to view Curleys proposal as a chance for anescape to a better life. We begin to feel sympathy for her, she is confine in a marriage were she doesnt like her husband, and cantmake friend s due to his tight rein.Although her fate is tragic, the way in which Steinbeck describes herin the moments after her death is as though she is the opposite personwe met in the beginning of the novel. This is significant descriptionin the play it helps define what Curleys wife and many other womanof that time were, below the clothes and make-up. Beneath theactress and the role she played into, was nothing more than a younggirl The ache and attention were gone form her face. She was very graceful and simple, and her face was sweet and young.

How does Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men portray the position of women Ess

How does Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men portray the position of womenin 1930s America?Of Mice & Men by John Steinbeck is point during the depression andhighlights the extreme economical and social problems through eachcharacter. We see them all aspire to live the American Dream, whilein pursuit for this life carelessness one another and do not acknowledgethe importance of friendship, in the world of isolation. Lonelinessand dreams are recurring themes through out the novel. Curley s wifeis a key figure with in the novel. On a social level she embodies theposition of women during the depression and the way in which theiremotions had been ignored.George and Lennie are warned of her by glass when they first reach theranch. He describes her as tart because shes only been Marriedtwo weeks and got the eye?, we already have am instant dislike abouther and we unagitated havent met her.Steinbeck has purposely not given Curleys wife a name, whichhighlights the concept of womens social pos ition during thedepression and how they seemed to be viewed as nothing more than amans possession. In this case she is nothing more than CurleyspossessionWe first meet Curleys wife in the barn house her presence is almoststriking. Her appearance seems to embody the word picture we had constructedfrom candys description provocative and very suggesting.She had full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Herfingernails were redThe use of the colour red puts emphasis on the idea of her creation aseductress and like a scarlet fair sex. However it also representsdanger and we are already aware of Lennies attraction to red. Thedescription of her movements is a projection of her sensuo... ...r she dreams more of beingrecognised by the masses, she craves the attention that she lacks inthe farm. She seemed to view Curleys proposal as a chance for anescape to a better life. We begin to sapidity sympathy for her, she istrapped in a marriage were she doesnt like her husband, a nd cantmake friends due to his tight rein.Although her fate is tragic, the way in which Steinbeck describes herin the moments after her death is as though she is the opposite personwe met in the beginning of the novel. This is significant descriptionin the play it helps define what Curleys wife and many other womanof that time were, beneath the clothes and make-up. Beneath theactress and the role she played into, was nothing more than a younggirl The ache and attention were gone melodic line her face. She was verypretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young.

Problems on Campus

Chelsia Bell Professor Arnold English 1301-005 September 25,2012 Better Food, Healthier People Campus advisors, with very simple solutions, can solve the common health problem of bad food choices on the TJC campus. Replacing non-healthy foods in deal machines, serving healthier food in the cafeteria, and awayering sm exclusivelyer size of its of frail drinks are all(a) good solutions to this common problem. Everybody loves picking up a quick snack in between classes however, sometimes the taste can throw us off and strike us forget about the real picture.Most of the snacks in the vending machine are very good, but are also very noble in calories, carbs, and definitely sugars. While you are enjoying your snack you have no care in the world about what you are putting in your body. If we would all dear take a quick second to think about what are eating, Im sure the amount of obesity among tribe, not just on campus but everywhere, would drop considerably. Replacing snacks like R eeses, Kit-Kat, and chocolate bars with healthy snacks like the 100 calorie snacks and crackers, would intimately make a substantial change.Cafeteria food can sometimes be good and sometimes not so good. Because of budgets, cafeteria food could be minimum quality. They may serve whatever is cheapest at the moment with any concern about providing healthy food. Putting options like salads, baked stuff instead of fried, and serving smaller portions will also faded down on all the health problems on campus. Sometimes even juice instead of a soda can abet.If the people in the cafeteria and the people over the food on campus would be more concerned about everybody elses health, Im sure the food choices would be a down better. Healthier food choices equal a healthy person. Small, Medium, or Large are words that we hear most of the time when we order a soft drink. Most of the time the mediums are big enough to share with 2 people. Drinks have just gotten bigger and bigger. Offering the mini sizes of soft drinks in the vending machines would be a very good idea.Sodas are already not good for you in many ways, so the serving that comes in the mini size is plenty for anybody. It is usually difficult for me to drink a whole regular sized soda by myself. Food is always tricky. You just have to make sure you are the eating the right thing at the right time. The bad food choices on the TJC campus can easily be solved with help from supervisors and maybe even some sponsors. Nobody should have to be constantly worried about their health. Putting these better food options on campus can easily ease everyones mind.

Health Information Exchange: Benefits and Concerns Essay

Health Information Exchange is the electronic contagious disease modify from one wellness cargon professional to another. Health Information Exchange allows wellness safeguard professionals and patients to appropriately access and securely share patients health check randomness electronically. Our industry is been organiseing hard in the process and development of this new process, for the benefit of the patient and health dread professionals. Some individuals with access to speed are physicians, nurses, pharmacists, medical assistants, medical biller and coders and so forth. It is important to have an understanding about different health care professionals having access to the patient medical record. run benefits includeProvides improvement for quality and safety of patient care by reducing prescription and medical errors. The education and orientation to patients involvement in their profess health care. Increases efficiency by eliminating unnecessary paperwork.Provides c aregivers with clinical decision tide over tools for more effective care and treatment. Eliminates redundant or unnecessary examen.Improves public health reporting and monitoring.Creates a potential loop for feedback between health-related research and actual give. Facilitates efficient deployment of emerging technology and health care work. Provides the backbone of technical home for leverage by national and State-level initiatives. Provides a basic level of interoperability among electronic health records (EHRs) maintained by individual physicians and organizations. Reduces health related costs(The benefits & fortunes of health information exchange & health information technology. (n.d.). The first step in EHR implementation is to conduct an assessment of your current enforce and its goals, necessitys, and financial and technical readiness. Your practice can design an implementation plan that meets the specific needs of your practice. Eligible health care professionals and eligible hospitals must use certified EHR technology in order to achieve meaningful use and qualify for incentive payments. It is important in an EHR when working in the implementation process to involve, training, mock go-live, and pilot testing for system improvement. ( race benefits) The final phase of EHR implementation includes successfully attesting to demonstrating meaningful use of EHRs, and reassessing what you have learned from training and everyday use of the system implementation to sustain improving workflows that achieve the individual practices goals.The process and steps to follow on an HER system, most health care providers are cover entities, and thus, need HIPAA responsibilities for individually identifiable health information. Your leadership especially emphasizing the importance of protecting patient health information is vital to your hiding and bail activities. HIPAA requires covered providers to designate an individual for both a privacy and a security m easure officer on their staff and delegate the responsibility of security system in a practice. Documentation shows why and where you have security measures in place, how you created them, and what you do to monitor them. Create a paper or electronic folder for your practice medical records. The Center of Medicare Services advises all providers that attest for the EHR incentive programs to retain all relevant records that support attestation.These records will be essential if you ever are audited for compliance with HIPAA or an EHR incentive program. (Anthony, R. (2013, September 19). Cms and ehealth.) Risk Analysis Plan compares your current security measures to what is legally andpragmatically call for to safeguard patient health information. The find outline identifies high priority threats and vulnerabilities on EHR. You or a security risk professional can conduct your practices risk analysis, but you either way you will want to know what to expect.Often, basic security measu res can be highly effective and affordable. Using your risk analysis results, discuss and develop an action plan to mitigate the identified risks. The plan should have five components administrative, physical, and technical safeguards policies and procedures and organizational standards. (Health information exchange Is your privacy protected?. (2012, July) Every practice should develop a Risk Management Plan. It is the practice responsibility to develop written and street smart policies and procedures about how your practice protects e-PHI. All these records should be retained on all outdated policies and procedures for future audits on your practice. For the security of patient health information (PHI), your workforce must know how to implement your policies, procedures, and security audits. HIPAA requires you as a covered provider to train your workforce on policies and procedures.Also, your staff must receive formal training on intermit notification. (Health information exchan ge Is your privacy protected? (2012, July) Your patients may be concerned about confidentiality and security of health information on an EHR. Emphasize the benefits of EHRs to them as patients, perhaps apply patient education materials available in the Privacy & Security Resources section. Do not register and attest for an EHR Incentive program until you have conducted your security risk analysis (or reassessment) and corrected any deficiencies identified during the risk analysis. Document these changes/corrections. Providers participating in the EHR Incentive Program can be audited. When you attest to meaningful use, it is a legal statement that you have met specific standards, including that you protect ePHI. Work with your EHR vendor(s) to let them know that protecting patient health information and meeting your HIPAA privacy and security responsibilities regarding electronic health information in your EHR is one of your major goals. Involve your practice staff and any other par tners that you have to help streamline this process. HIPAA privacy regulationsHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The Privacy Rule standards address the use and disclosure of individuals health informationcalled protected health information by organizations subject to the Privacy Rule called covered entities, as well as standards for individuals privacy rights to understand and control how their health information is used. Within HHS, the Office for urbane Rights (OCR) has responsibility for implementing and enforcing the Privacy Rule with respect to voluntary compliance activities and civil money penalties. HITECHThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, was signed into law on February 17, 2009, to promote the credence and meaningful use of health information technology. Subtitle D of the HITECH Act addresses the privacy and security conc erns associated with the electronic transmission of health information, in part, through several provisions that strengthen the civil and criminal enforcement of the HIPAA rules. Standards & InteroperabilityThe work promoting the adoption and uptake of health information technology is the key to ensuring the goals of the HITECH Act. But work being done to ensure that the technical standards and specifications are in place to support this technology is also critical to the development and success of a fully functional nationwide health IT ecosystem. Some of the Risks of HIE include identicalness stealingAlthough health information benefits from all the security measures veritable in other economic areas such(prenominal) as defense and finance, it has the same risks these other areas have experienced. Identity theft can occur with both paper files and electronic files, but a breach of electronic files may affect more records than a breach of paper files. ErrorsJust like a paper heal th record, if the health care provider does not enter the correct information, that information remains in the health record until it is corrected. Electronic information can provide checks and balances thatpaper health records cannot. HackersElectronic health care information benefits from the security measure developed by other industries. Health care is the last frontier of information technology, so anti-hacking security measures from other economic areas are already used. However, hackers will detain to try to break security codes just like they do in other electronic systems. EncryptionCovered entities must encrypt protected health information when it is a reasonable and appropriate safeguard. When the HIPAA Security Rule was implemented in 2002, encryption was high in cost and challenging to use. The result is that many covered entities still do not encrypt their data. With the enormous amount of personal medical information that will be moving around electronically as HIE g ets underway and spreads, the U.S. section of Health and Human Services (HHS) needs to make encryption a requirement and set standards for its use in all practices. Personal mobile devicesSmartphones, tablets and USB drives are ubiquitous. Health care providers often use their own unsecured devices to record and transmit unencrypted work-related health information. The speed with which such devices have been adopted is well ahead of policies that govern their use. According to a number of recent studies, the vulnerability of mobile devices is already playing a large role in medical data breaches. The cloudThat is, remote servers where more and more businesses are moving their datawill be essential in an era of electronic health information exchange, if for no other reason than the staggering quantities of data that digitizing the medical records of the entire U.S. population will create. Health care providers may also want to host their patient portals on cloud-based servers. Pati ent portals are websites where patients can access their medical records and exchange email with their providers. Cloud services are developing more quickly than laws or regulations can address. As a patient youre unlikely to know where your medical records actually reside. And youre forced to rely on the security practices of others toprotect the privacy of your information.The Privacy Rule gives you, with few exceptions, the right to inspect, review, and receive a copy of your medical records and cathexis records that are held by health plans and health care providers covered by the Privacy Rule. Only you or your personal representative has the right to access your records. A health care provider or health plan may send copies of your records to another provider or health plan as requisite for treatment or payment or as authorized by you. However, the Privacy Rule does not require the health care provider or health plan to share information with other providers or plans. You do not have the right to access a providers psychotherapy notes. Psychotherapy notes are notes taken by a mental health professional during a conversation with the patient and kept separate from the patients medical and billing records. The Privacy Rule also does not permit the provider to make most disclosures of psychotherapy notes about you without your authorization. Because HIEs elementary purpose is to improve the quality of medical care, your health care providers priorities are to gain and allow access to a comprehensive record of your medical history.When the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) finalizes its accounting of disclosures rule, providers that maintain EHRs will have to account to you for all disclosures of your personal health information that it makes for purposes of treatment, payment, and business operations for deuce-ace eld prior to the date of your request. (Health information exchange draft examines privacy and security concerns. (2012, Ju ne 13). Until HHS rule is final, you can get an accounting that goes back six years prior to your request, but this DOES NOT include disclosures for treatment, payment, or business operations. Therefore the disclosures you are currently able to get may seem largely sketchy and irrelevant to the purposes for which you want them. You also have access to your own medical records (apart from psychotherapy notes about you), but you must request them directly from your providers. It is not achievable to request your records through an HIE.It has to be in person from the practice you are requesting medical records from. However, your doctor should be able to give youor will short be able to give youwhats called a Continuity of Care Record (CCR) after each visit. The CCR is a summary of the most relevant and up-to-date facts about your care and treatment with that provider. A CCR can be helpful for you, and can alsoprovide a current snapshot of your medical consideration for the next do ctor you visit. A CCR may be transmitted either on paper or electronically. HIE is a tremendous tool to expend in the healthcare industry. However, different challenges still existing now days. Effective and Affordable Technology is a big issue and the primary problem. HIE required costly network, connections hardware, software and so forth. Some practices including hospitals cant afford the cost of technology.Providers are trying to save in cost of information transmission and are always looking for inexpensive vendors. Practices are also working on overcoming these obstacles, but are very hard to overcome. HIEs can support care management by making it possible to generate patient reports for use at the point of care. It may also be easier to identify patients who are not following a prescribed care regimen or not meeting its goals, and to measure how well providers are delivering recommended care. This all goes along with the governments goal of shifting the health care payment m odel from one of fee for service to payment based on outcomes that is, not just whether you cut a doctor but whether you benefited from seeing her. The goals of HIE are to improve the quality of care and make delivering it more efficient and cost-effective. Once electronic medical records are available everywhere, for all patients, though, it is inevitable that more people will want access to this data. It is a goldmine for medical research and all kinds of statistical analysis, for example. ConclusionHIE will continue providing planning and implementation within health care organizations. We must comply as HIM professionals providing the best of our knowledge to give way in this process. Also we need to follow HIPPA policies and procedures in our place of employment and commit ourselves to meet our goal which is providing the best on patient care. The more we work as a team at the end of the road it will be easier on us to have our job done and accurate at the end of the road. Av oiding errors is also our responsibility as an HIM professionals. Lets not focus on productivity, which is important, but also lets put ourselves in the patients situation. We are also patients and we like to have things done the right way.ReferencesRhodes, H. (2013, August 05). Seven unintended consequences of electronic HIE. Retrieved from http//www.healthit.gov/policy-researchers-implementers/reports HIE benefits. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/health-information-exchange/hie-benefits The benefits & risks of health information exchange & health information technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.nchica.org/GetInvolved/CACHI/HIEbenefits-risks.htm Anthony, R. (2013, September 19). Cms and ehealth. Retrieved from http//www.cms.gov/eHealth/downloads/Webinar_eHealth_September19_CMSeHealthOverview.pdf Health information exchange Is your privacy protected?. (2012, July). Retrieved from https//www.privacyrights.org/fs/fsC6/CA-medical-HIE Health information exchange brief examines privacy and security concerns. (2012, June 13). Retrieved from https//www.cdt.org/pr_statement/health-information-exchange-brief-examines-privacy-and-security-concerns

Is Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy effective Essay

To what extent do you think that Scott Electronics plcs current world resources strategy is impressive? (18)Human resource strategy is how a avocation sees its employees from different vexation point of view and they are seen as resources to complete the business objectives.Firstly the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because the impregnables labour productivity is very high with 105 compared to the perseverance honest which is 100. This is very effective as it shows the level of recruitment and the staff the business is recruiting is doing very well which has a positive effect in the recruitment role therefore this forget pay off the high society recruit more staff which provide increase the productivity of the business. Also the bonuses which is 40% and its 20% higher than the industry just, this shows that the bonuses are keeping the firms employees motivated and it drives them to work harder which mean there will be a increase in prod uctivity and if productivity increases it will shit a positive effect on the sales revenue as the company will sell more items which will increase the sales critical review and profit.Also another reason why the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because it has a very unique centralized organisational structure. A centralised structure is where the entire decision making is done from the top of the hierarchy. This is an effective strategy because the entire decision making croup be done from the briny person who is in charge and it can be done very quickly without going through any difficulties.This is very effective because staff can work through the business objective rather than stressing on the extra responsibility they have on their shoulders which will make them stress free and start more productive. Also they can be told what to do and the carriages will have rig over their workforce so that employees are less likely to make mistakes or mak e wrong decisions which will make a negative impact the on the businesses performance.However the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because high numbers of employees are on temporary contract which is 75% compared to the industry average which is 25%. This is bad for the business because it will make employees feel that the job security is not there and they are not guaranteed the job which the business can tell the employees that they are not in need and the employees will go away, therefore this might result in the employees not very motivated to do well and they might not think as if they are involved with the business. Also employees on temporary contract are more likely to leave the business as the labour turnover rate is at 10% which is higher than the industry average which is 6%. This is human resource strategy is ineffective because it lead to employees leaving the business every year and the business is losing experienced and valuable sta ff.Also another reason the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because the training budget is below the industry average as Scott electronics training cost is 500 compared to the industries average which is 1000. This shows that the staff are not that well trained and most of the staff dont do what they are doing sometimes or they might not know how the company operates as high level of training was not provided. This lead to the amount of blur products increased as the staffs were not well trained and they kept making mistakes therefore the numbers of dents products increased.This is one of my strongest reasons because staffs need to be well trained in front they can start the job as they will know what they are doing and how they are going to carry out each task according the company structures of dealing with things. Therefore the staff need to be well trained and the business needs to increase its amount on training the staff which will allow the business to have staff that know what they are doing and make less mistakes as this will cause the staff to make less defect products.In conclusion I think that the human resources strategy is very effect to the business because average span of control for Scotts electronic is 5 and industry average is 8. This has a greater advantage to the specific business because it will allow the business mangers to control their staff and monitor the progress which the manager can set targets and the targets can be analysed to see if they have reached the targets this will increase the productivity of the business as targets are reached and mangers have better control over their staff and the business.However I think that the current human resource strategy is not that effective to the business because the firms defected products are 10% and the industry average is 5% which is doubled the amount. Therefore you can tell that the strategy is not that effective as the staffs are making a lot o f mistakes which will cost the business as the raw materials cost money to buy. Also this indicates that strategy is failing as staff are not well trained or may not experienced enough to work in the field which the bale goes the firms recruitment policy as the firm could have employed experienced staff which could have reduced the level of defected products.

Black Panther Party during the 1960s Essay

The filthy cougar Party was a left-wing organization founded in 1966 for the defense of African Americans (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 3). It was founded in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton and would go on to gain fame all over the United States for its deep allegiance to defend the rights of the African American population as a minority group (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 3). For the decade it lasted, the Black puma Party was able to guarantee one of the most pertinent issues of the time Racism.In this essay, I seek to explain the mathematical function the Black painter Party, whose initial objective was to defend African Americans from police brutality, played in American society in the 1960s. Black pan offther Party began as a result of a prior write up of activism where African American opinion leaders were thrust for equality and an end to racial prejudices and police brutality (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 71). African Americans had for long demanded that autho rities make out the issues that were affecting them as a minority in the American society.The Black Panther Party the discipline and calmness preached by renown African American activist Malcolm X to become the heroes of the African American cause (Smethurst 21). The party symbolized self determination and pride, and initiated programs aimed at educating African Americans politically as an attempt to execute a revolution in diction, the free spirit and commitment to the cause. It became a symbol of African American culture and even had an impact on fashion.The Black Panther Party, through its Ten Point Program, was able to grasp the attention of the authorities and the American public about the issues that were affecting the African American fraternity (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 76). It gave an outcry about the oppression that was perpetuated against members of its target biotic community and their lack of control in the political and social institutions that were meant to serve them. The party also petitioned the governing and demanded it honors its obligation to provide employment or guarantee an income for all people (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 76).The other demands in the Ten Point program included a call to end economic exploitation of the African American and other minority communities and the honor of the promise for forty acres of land and a scuff that had been made 100 years earlier as reparation for slavery (Jones 177). The party also demanded better housing to be made available in African American neighborhoods failure to which the land should be made cooperative land so that African Americans could build their own decent housing.The Black Panther Party managed to petition authorities about the poor quality of educational infrastructure in African American neighborhoods as well as pushing the agenda for free healthcare for impoverished Americans (Jones 179). Police brutality was rampant in those days, targeting African American and Hispanic men. T he Black Panther Party cherished an end to all this and through sensitizing the public, it helped create an cognizance and knowledge of human rights which was later to become instrumental in later activism (Smethurst 26).The Black Panther Party followed the ideals of Chinese revolutionary leader Mao Zedong as he outlined them in his manual, The Little Red Book, to orchestrate economic and social awareness campaigns among African American people through what it called Survival Programs (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 81). Through these programs, it fought drug abuse and rehabilitated drug addicts, organized free medical clinics and offered emergency chemical reaction and ambulance services.In addition it founded the Inter-communal Youth Institute with Ericka Huggins as the director to demonstrate how African American youth must be educated so that they would be empowered politically and economically (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 81). There were also other programs, most of which had an impa ct on live in areas where the party was operational. The Black Panther Party had an impact on the political landscape during the time it existed. The party assumed the role of teaching African Americans their political rights and their guarantees as legal American citizens to basic human rights, individual freedoms and liberties (Jones 178).To be more effective, it briefly combined efforts with the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee which was headed by Stokely Carmichael who later renamed himself Kwame Ture in line with his Pan African ideals (Jones 178). This was just after it was founded. In the year 1967, the Black Panther Party organized a street march in which many African Americans were involved in a procession to the California State Capital to oppose a proposed directive to ban the carrying of loaded weapons to public places (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 81)).The panthers (members of the party) had already begun exercising that right and on this procession they all carri ed rifles. The Black Panther Party sought to empower African Americans politically and having garnered widespread support from African Americans and other sympathizers, its Minister of Information, Eldridge Cleaver ran for president in the 1968 presidential elections (Katsiaficas, and Cleaver 85). The party made a bigger impact than its opposite, the White Panther Party. Its biggest role was perhaps in the human rights movement.Even though the party lasted for only 14 years, it left a lasting impression on the struggle for rights and equality, and its ideals of community service are still present in many African American communities today. Works cited Jones, Charles. The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered). Baltimore, MD Black absolute Press, 1998. Katsiaficas, George, and Cleaver, Kathleen. Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party A New Look At The Panthers and Their Legacy. New York Rutledge, 2001. Smethurst, James. The Black Arts Movement Literary Nationalism in the 19 60s and 70s. Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Comparing Public School and Home School

If we are talk of the town nearly schools, it seems like universal groom and firm take aim dont sound so strange for us. Both of them are kind of schools which provide some benefits. They are all good schools. Although those schools are same good, as selective parents, you are supposed(p) to be able to conclude which school you should choose for your kids as a place where they continue their education. In deciding which school you will choose for your kids, you drive out consider the benefits your kids and your family will get from the school, the output you want your kids get after school, and many other things you should consider further.Truely, both humanity give lessons and Home School are path of education which help kids to achieve the goal of education, but those schools, populace School and Home School, have differences (Pomadi,2007). First difference between earth School and Home School is somewhat a question, Who are in charge here? . In every school, inclu ding Public School and Home School, at that place are some people who are in charge of their students success in achieving educations aims. Who are the man in charge of Public School and Home School? In Public School, there are teachers, headmaster, and school staffs.They are people who are in charge of their students success in Public School. In the other side, people who are in charge of students success in Home School are not teachers, headmaster, or other staffs, but they are parents. In Home School, parents are the virtuosos who are responsible for their kids success. Parents have important role in Home School, Just like teachers role in Public School. Second, if we are talking about differences between Public School and Home School, schedule will be one aspect that is quite different in Public School and Home School.The schedule in Home School is more flexible than schedule in Public School. In Home School, students (kids) wad start their study whenever they want, for examp le, they stinker start to study at 8 a. m, 9 a. m, or whenever they are ready. They do not need to be xenophobic of being late because in Home School there is no specified judgment of conviction to start study (school). It is quite different from Public School where students have to be ready to study when the school bell rings at 7 a. m.Because of that, students of Public School have to come earlier to the school. It path that before 7 a. m they have to be ready in the school. In this case, if they come late, they will be punished by their teacher ecause 7 a. m is specified time where students have to be ready to study in Public School. In Public School, the schedule of subjects from Monday to Saturday change everyday. The schedule itself has been pin down by the school. Students have to obey and follow the schedule, and study the subjects based on the schedule given by the school.For example, on Monday they have Mathematic (245 minutes), Biology (245 minutes), English (245 min utes), and Civics (245 minutes) as their subjects, but on Tuesday they will have different subjects such as Indonesian Language (245 inutes), craft (245 minutes), Geography (245 minutes), and Physics (245 minutes) as their subjects, and other different subjects in every different days. It is different from what we will ensure in Home School. If the student in Home school want to study English and Social Science for example, he/she will study those subjects that day.They will egest their time that day only to study those two subjects. How long he/she studies those subjects is not a big problem. Whether he/she will study English tor about 3 hours that day, or spend 2 hours to study about Social Science is up to him/ her. If the following day he/she unflurried wants to study those subjects and he/she too wants to learn Mathematic as their additional subject that day, then he/she will get them again (English and Social Science), and learns Mathematic after those subjects finished. In Home School, this look is possible to do, but in Public School we cannot apply such way.So, thats why it is said that the schedule in Home school is flexible (Ensiklopedia,2011). Third, it is about uniform. In Public School, it is a must for the students to wear school uniform. If it is Elementary School, they wear white and red uniform. If it is Junior High School, they wear white and low uniform. If it is Senior High School, they wear white and grey uniform. Their uniforms are usually two-piece white shirt which is combined with skirt (for girls), or trousers (for boys), and sometimes in some Public Schools the uniforms are completed with tie.On the contrary, there is no certain rule for the students to wear uniform in Home School. There, they can wear shirt, T-shirt, skirt, trousers, or even Jeans are also permitted. They can wear everything they want as long as they feel comfortable wearing them when they are studying. Fourth, in Public School we know that one class is a bi g class that contains for about 30 to 40 students whereas the teacher who will conduct teaching and scholarship process in that class is only one in every subject. The opposite, there will only a teacher and a student who do teaching and learning process in Home School.Hence, the attention that the teacher can share to 30-40 students is really different from the attention that a teacher can give only for a student. Of course in Home School, a student will get 100% attention from his/her teacher, but in Public School teacher will try to share his/her attention to all his/her tudents as fair as he/she can. So, in this case, in Public School and Home School, the attention that the students can get from the teacher will totally different. Fifth is about curriculum. In Public School we cannot choose curriculum by ourselves. We just follow the curriculum which is used in that school.We also cannot choose subjects as we wish, because all subjects have been set by the school. This is diffe rent from Home School. In Home School we can choose curriculum we want. We also can choose the subjects we want to learn and master them well. The subjects re usually adapted to the student needs. So, if we like to study Mathematic, and we want to master that subject than Science for example, we will spend more times to study that subject. If it is needed, we will reduce Science time or other subjects times, and use that times to learn more about Mathematic.The last is about some activities like flag ceremoney, tangible Education, and extra curricular. In Public School, we know that every Monday, all students, teachers, headmaster, and other school staffs hold flag ceremoney. It is a common ceremoney which is held by every Public School. Then, if we are talking about Physical Education in Public School, we will know that once in a week every students there have Physical Education on their schedule. Students learn to do some sports accompanied by their Physical Education teacher.One more thing is about extra curricular. We can find such activitiy only in Public School. Usually, it is a must for every student to Join minimum 1 extra curricular that they are raise in. There are various kinds of extra curricular that students can choose in Public School, such as football, dancing, badminton, music, as e all k tb , drawing, tennis, and so on. In Home School, however, we cannot tind such activities. There is no flag ceremoney in Home School every Monday, no Physical Education, and also no extra curricular.Thus, from the long explanation above, now we know that although Public School and Home School have the same function which is as means of education that can be used to help students to achieve educations aims, those schools still have some differences (Pomadi). Those differences can be seen from who take the responsible for the school, schedule system, uniform, burnt umber of teacher and student in a class, curriculum, and the last is about some activities such as flag ceremoney, Physical Education, and extra curricular.However, although those schools are different, they are still good schools which can create a well educated person who has high intelligentsia and civilized. Furthermore, after knowing the differences from those schools, we will be able to decide which one will be the best place that we will choose as a place for our kids to continue their education, because from those differences above, we will know some advantages and disadvantages of choosing one of those schools.

English Journey Essay

Journeys mavin to greater understanding. They smoke be physical, inner or imaginative and lowlife leave alone one to gain self-awareness, discover their flaws and weaknesses as well as gain spiritual en go downenment. That gos can draw out to greater understanding can be seen in TS Eliots poem The Love Song, Philip Otto Rouge artwork Dawn, Harwoods poem In the Park and Victor Kelleshers book cover Ivory trail. Journeys star topology to greater understanding. This can be seen in The Love Song where Prufrock gains self-awareness of his isolated and insignificant status.He experienced both a physical and imaginative voyage. Prufrock is a man who is a mid aged man, single and a pessimist. He isolates himself and is afraid of making decisions, as he is worried that he would be making a fool and mockery of himself. Being a pessimist he always thinks negatively ab step up how he lives. The inner journey, in which Prufrock takes the reader reveals the different sides of him, such(pre nominal) as his lack of confidence and also his dissatisfaction in the way he lives his life.The imagination of Prufrock leads him to make nones about mermaids, referring them to the Greek myth and how they would sing and lure sailors to their death. In this line Prufrock shows an inferiority complex as he states that the mermaids would not sing to him, as he is not important enough. An invitation from Prufock to the reader to a unnamed finishing establishes and initiates a physical journey through the physical journey he leads the reader to various places in the city where there are cheap hotels skirt by lower-class restaurants.Due to the surrounding it leads Prufrock to think of the overwhelming question. In the first stanza a physical journey is evident. The departure time would be during evenings When evening is spread out against the like a patient etherised upon a table. Prufrock compares the sky to a patient through simile. The feeling of helplessness is brought out with the word etherised. As the poem goes on personification becomes evident in Streets that follow like a tedious argument, describing the streets they are walking on as very dull and long similar to a long argument between people.The contrast of the streets to an argument also reflects on the use of simile. Journeys lead to greater understanding. Philip Otto Rouge, who takes the viewer through an imaginative journey, can perceive this in the painting Dawn. The journey is of a religious one, as the lighting in the painting hints a form of the transverse, and its innocence and purity of the journey. Also, while light can reflect the knowledge and realisation one gains when undertaking an imaginative journey, the light becomes a symbol of a journey of enlightenment.With a frameless blue sky at the top of the painting it implies that this imaginative journey has no set confines therefore it is limitless and contains endless possibilities. It is what the individuals eye and mind perceives it. The angels that are represented as children painted in white and somewhat aboveboard symbolising the purity and innocence of childhood. With the transparency of the angels suggesting that there is no impurity seen, as they are holy. The musical instruments, also suggest the possibility that this imaginative journey is of a harmonious one.With the women positioned in the centre of the painting, it also shows her relationship with earth and heaven as she is in between them both. Being positioned close to the centre of the cross indicates that she is holy. This woman can be seen portrayed as Eve who was made by God to live on earth and accompany Adam. She is can be conveyed as a symbol of fertility as she was the first woman and also took part in the start of the cycle of human life on earth. This links earth and heaven together as a journey.The small star at the top of the painting, which can be faintly seen, represents the hope and longing of purity that was once been lost due to the sins of Eve. Therefore, Dawn exhibits the greater understanding through the journeys as it is of a religious one that contains enlightenment, but it may not all be harmonious and pure as can be seen when looked further in depth. Journeys can lead to greater understanding, as journey can lead to another journey. Through a physical journey, the protagonist from In the Park experiences an inner journey, which allows her to reflect on motherhood.An inner journey can lead to the expression of ones identity, reminisce, unfulfilled potential, self-destruction and low self-esteem. The opening use of a monosyllabic sentence of her mundane life triggers her inner journey to self-reflection. With harsh words such as tug it resembles her being pulled down and aimless patterns represents her life having no direction or goal in which she can follow. The use of past tense in the word loved shows she is not experiencing joyful emotions now, but instead - the anxiousness or shock on her ref lection in her current slur. too late the enjambment forces her to go through an inner journey unwillingly.After meeting the person she has once loved and a superficial conversation starts, she begins to realise the difference between them. Being self-conscious of herself the phrase but for the grace of God has been inverted from a normal situation to a negative one. And emphasises the shock going through her head, acting as a harsh stimulus of her realisation to life. With the description of flickering light in line 9, symbolising the fading of hope to retain her past life.The superficial conversation about the children, which have taken over her life is in a hopeful tone as if it was a self-reassurance about her life. Though the last imagery given of her journey is her nursing her baby, a parody of Mother bloody shame holding baby Jesus. She is stripped of her identity and emotions in her inner journey as They have eaten me alive. Through her journey the protagonist in In the Pa rk comes to greater understanding of her situation and position in life after going through her physical and inner journey.

Module for Grade English

Selection of Purposes for Collaboration Estimated Time 10 minutes Choose a unit that you would like to make more(prenominal) collaborative. Review the learning objectives for your unit and brainstorm which objectives might be suit equal as purposes for collaboration. Teaching Unit Objectives Suit able-bodied for Collaboration Unit 4- The Wedding terpsichore by Matador Adagio Perform the tribal dance of the lawful Present a choral singing of the song Letting Go Make a travelogue about Baggie city featuring the alfalfa belief, customs and traditionsActivity 4 Collaborators and Tools Estimated Time 20 minutes Describe your plan for Including collaboration In your unit In the table below. ( take note If you have multiple collaborative activities, with unique dimensions, you may want to create separate tables for each by copying and pasting the table for another set. ) Note You impart complete the Digital Tool section of your plan in Module 3. Purpose Scope Type Collaborators Digital T ool To maximize the involvement of the students In their group activity Each group will be given 20 malls. Per session which will last for a week to curry for the presentation Group activelyStudents of Grade 7-A Tribal dance- (You Tube) Travelogue- (Yahoo, Google, Electronic Publication) Brief Description of Possible Collaborative Activity(sees) -Students who belong to the group of tribal dance will research on the internet particularly in you tube on how to perform the dance, one of them may act as the choreographer, costume designer, technical director and the others will be the dancers -For the choral singing group, they may open the You Tube to search for the lyric, tone and singer of the song or they may refer to a preserve music, to maximize their participation, one of them may act as the conductress, musician, costume signer, technical director and the rest are choral singers. The travelogue group, they will use the electronic publication software for the lay out of the travelogue. They may also surf on the internet for the beliefs, customs and traditions of the lawful or they may search for the photos of Baggie City to be included in their travelogue.One of them may be the editor, feature writer, photographer, lay out artist, researcher, compiler, the money keeper, the auditor and the rest are the presenters to be able to maximize the participation of each. Lesson 3 opinion in Collaborative Classrooms Activity 3 Self- and Peer Assessment of Collaboration Describe how you might use the collaboration assessments you saved. Assessment How You Will Use It K-W-L-H Chart At the start of the discussion, I will let the students fill in the K-W-L chart for their assign activity and use this cultivation in planning what to teach Collaboration Checklist Students will fill out collaboration checklist after each activity to assess how much monitor their progression individually.Problem solving checklist Students will fill out this checklist after each activ ity to monitor the difficulties that they have encountered during the project. They will exchange checklist with their group mates to be able to evaluate if they have the same difficulty and will find solution to the problem. I will use this checklist to identify the difficulty of the project and be able to adjust my activities. Lesson 4 Module Review Activity 1 Module Summary Think about the design of collaborative activities and the assessment of collaboration skills as you reflect on your learning in this module. Designing a collaborative activity is not an easy task.We must consider how to group the learners, what would be our radical in grouping them, what activity must suit to the opacities of the learners per group and how are we going to assess their work since it is a group activity. Aside from that, we must fast monitor each learner while doing the activity because sometimes we cannot avoid misunderstanding to occur between or among group mates which if not without dela y address, results to ruined or unfinished activity. I am happy that I have gained a lot of ideas on how to improve the design of my collaborative activities with the consolidation of the online tools. Hope I can learn more about on line tools so that I can apply them to my learners very soon.

Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment

electronic Bill Pre directment and Payment (EBPP) is the term used to describe the capability to present bills to clients and to facilitate their stipend by electronic means. EBPP offers the opportunity to eliminate the costs associated with printing paper bills, reduce delivery delays and issue a channel for two way communication between suppliers and their customers on a one-to-one basis. From the customers perspective, EBPP rout out provide a simple way to manage and automate the payment of bills. EBPP ModelsThere are 5 main types of EBPP service provided1.The Biller Direct Model in which billers provide their bills on their respective personalized electronic network berths.2.The Consolidator Model in which service providers allow customers to access and process bills from multiple billers. Within the consolidator model in that location are several sub-models these includea)The Consolidator Thin Client Model provides a site to which billers send their invoices for the cust omer to view at their leisure. Information at this site is summarized and the customer must visit the billers personal site to examine their bills in detail.b)The Consolidator Thick Client Model provides billers with a site that host all the billers information. In this model paper bill scanning is not supported.c)The Customer Consolidator Model follows the same blueprint as the thick consolidator model but accepts both electronic and paper scanned bills offering the capability of viewing some(prenominal) bill online. The theory behind this model is that it will attract as many customers as come-at-able in the short term and then streamline to purely electronic methods in the long term.d)The Consolidator penetration Model is a thin client consolidator model but hosted through a popular portal site, such as Yahoo.e)The Financial Institution Model like the portal model acts as a hosting site for consolidated bills. As the bills are placed on the customers bank site payment proces s is speeded up while customer affinity with bill payment and banks strengthens consumer acquiescence.3.The Consumer Centric Aggregator Model. Similar to the consolidator models yet different enough to be considered a separate EBPP approach. The CCA model shares many affinities with the banking consolidator model where billers send their invoices to the CCA site, sooner than the consumer, and are paid directly from the site. The approach is equivalent in principle to Direct Debit payments in the UK.4.The Email Based Model. In this model detailed invoices containing rich text graphics are sent to the customer then linked back to sites for online payment or detailed bill viewing. The medium whitethorn include intrusive direct marketing messages.5.The Service Bureau Model. This model type is a naked development in the world of EBPP and facilitates connection to large-scale consolidators for SME companies. In essence the Service Bureau manages its customers needs and offers an ASP mo del of EBPP.

Individual project Essay

Andy Rexford has started a cottage industry in his garage for catering for the niche market. shortly that market grows and so does his logical argument. With this fast pace growth in the product line Andy has expanded his business from unity stitch machine to six stitch machine in the short period of time. Recently, Andy has developed a business plan which clearly states the unsloped future growth and lots of backing required. Andy does not flummox much money of his own to invest in the business, so he is looking for the external financing sources.In this report, I will be discussing the different sources of external financing along with their advantages and drawbacks, and then I will be decided which source is the best for the Andys business. Sources of financing There argon various(a) sources of financing the business but the most critical aspect is to understand which sources argon appropriate for that peculiar(a) business and how much finances do we needed. The assessmen t of sources is totally judgmental. Along with the judgment, it is alike dependent on how willing he is to share the information about his business and willpower with others.Sources of finances are shared out into 2 broad categories -Internal financing -External financing. Andys savings and income are already been exhausted in the move of growth, and he requires more financing. To help Andy to take the decision wisely I will be discussing few external financing sources. External sources External financing includes ownership capital and non-ownership capital. These two categories are split into other several categories. For the business like Andys following three non-ownership capital financing is suitable. Banks affect investors Small business association (SBA)Banks They are the financial institution who lends the money to the businesses and individuals and charges an amount of interest against it. They are the hardest place to find the finances as the bound does not gran t the loanword very easy but the time is been changing now camber has come up many different loan schemes against which people are been given loans. A bank loan is considered as most desired system of financing. People considered it as the most desirable because it is at times very speedy if you have good credit standing in the market you burn down get a loan in no time.Moreover, you can use that money in various ways and accountable for none. Although thither are both(prenominal) advantages in getting a loan from the bank but there are some disadvantages as well. Disadvantages like, some loans carry a prepayment plenty so the borrower could not pay the amount early (Scarborough, 2006). run a risk investors Venture investors are those people who wealthy individuals, corporate and formal institutions who are willing to invest in the new business and growing businesses.In return for providing the capital to the businesses, they usually require a office of ownership in the ship s company along with control over the strategic direction and payment assorted fees. Private equity provides capital and access to a network that can transform a company into an industry player, Karen E. Klein noted in Business Week. But the price is high a chunk of your business. akin every other financing source, there are some advantages and disadvantages as well. The main advantage for the start-up business is that they are not obligated to repay the money.And the involvement of the high profile businessmen can also increase the credibility of new business. The main disadvantage an entrepreneur can have from the jeopardize investor is that they set about the part owners of the business, and thus they have the rights have a say in the decisions. The business owner faces a dilution of their position as owners and possible loss of power of controlling the business (Scarborough, 2006). Small business association Small business association is the ecesiss in United States formed by the government that helps the entrepreneurs to start up their business.Small business association acts as the guarantor of loans for the people who do not qualify for the commercialised loans. The advantages related to the small business association are that since its a government formed organization to encourage the man of affairs, they are charging very low interest rate as in comparison to the commercial banks. SBA takes a very quick decision regarding the approvals of loans to the people. There are many advantages attached to the SBA that makes it is desirable for the businessman but there is a gloomy side of this loan as well.Since its government loan no matter what happens to your business you have to pay off this loan before any other debt. Moreover, there is more paper work required than in commercial bank. The government wants to make sure that you are truly eligible for this particular loan or not. Andys source of financing Andy should opt for the bank loan as it suit s to the requirements of his business. Future of his business is very bright and there is a guarantee that his business will get double the size in spite of appearance next two years.So giving the ownership in his business would not be advisable if he wants to have all the profit, and he can have them as the matter of fact. As for the SBA, they have very long repayment schedule though the rate is a low but 20-30 years time period does not worth for that configuration of loan. Since Andy only needs $700,000, which can be repaid within 2 years because the annual profit of Andy is 750,000. He can easily pay off this loan with 2 years. Hence it is suitable for Andy to take the bank loan. Conclusion There are various sources of finances.Some financing can be done internally while some can be borrowed from others. In the case of Andy his earning is already been consumed in the expansion of the business. So it is suggested to him that he should take the bank loan because he does not need to give the ownership to the venture investors and does not need to give whole life to pay that loan. Bank loan will be the most desirable suggestion as Andy can pay this loan payoff this loan within two years. Moreover, he does not need to give any ownership to anyone.

Innovation in Cosmetic Industry

ABSTRACT conclude is one of the beloved grave issues in wrinkle enquiry today. It has been studied in many another(prenominal) independent enquiry traditions. Our pinch and study of intention can benefit from an integrative retread of these inquiry traditions. In so doing, miscellaneous topics of calcu deeplyation choose been place and studied.Consumer response to macrocosm, Organizations and figure, which argon more than and more important as convergence victimisation becomes more complicated and tools more effective precisely demanding techniques for crossroad culture lodge ones, which scram been trans stressed through global pressures, increasingly accurate node input. intention is the core job organisation competency of the 2 beginning(a) century. In outrank to not only compete and grow but to survive in a global economy, channeles must(prenominal) innovate.To check intent has been approached in a piecemeal fashion often linked solely to the tonic proceeds developing (NPD) surgical action. T here(predicate) has been a remarkable increase in R&D investment by industries at global transfer over a tot of days. The argona of R&D in pains with the highest rate of growth over the olden six years has been in directed brokerary research. Innovation and the effective counselling of engine room bring become a top priority for nations as well as companies, to stimu parvenue-fangled economic development and streng so their competitiveness.Allocation of R&D for the development of refreshed crinklees is seen as a report growth dodging by firms in most separate of the world. in the raw harvestings atomic number 18 engines to growth and prosperity for every(prenominal) companies in the manufacturing sector or the service sector. In this denomination, an attempt has been made to explore the drivers of tonic increase performance, with a particular focalization on enhancive attention. P&G is considered to be one of the companies counting with nonfunctionals with the best construct strategies, and hence it has been optn as an example for the study.The Innovation baseball field is introduced by P&G as an integrative and guiding model to dish up prudence focus on whats important to success alteration dodge, a unbendable conception-to- dump change, portfolio management and the right climate and loss leadership. (Keywords Innovation, R&D, ornamental industry, P&G, success, harvest-feast Development. ) INTRODUCTION Innovation, the process of saving impertinently intersection points and services to foodstuff, is one of the most important issues in occupation research today.Innovation is answerable for raising the quality and lowering the prices of returns and services that have salientally modifyd consumers lives. By finding bracing solutions to problems, trigger destroys active markets, transforms old ones, or give rises unseasoned ones. It can bring down giant incumbents fleck propelling small outsiders into dominant positions. Without psychiatric hospital, incumbents slowly lose both gross r planeue and profitability as rivals innovate past them. Innovation pop the questions an important basis by which world economies compete in the global marketplace.Innovation is a broad topic, and a variety of disciplines address various aspects of innovation, including marketing, quality management, operations management, technology management, organisational demeanor, crossing development, strategic management, and economics. Research on innovation has proceeded in many academic fields with neither links across those fields. For example, research on market pioneering typically does not connect with that on diffusion of innovations or the creative design of stark naked intersections.Overall, marketing is well positioned to participate in the beneathstanding and management of innovation within firms and markets, because a primary goal of innovation is to develop invigorated or special enhances for enhanced profitability. A necessary component of profitability is revenue, and revenue depends on settle withing customer require collapse (or more in force(p)ly) than competitors can satisfy those need. Research in marketing is intrinsically customer and competitor focused, and and so well situated to study how a firm capability improve get out innovation to meet its profitability goals boomingly.To encourage and allay further research on innovation in marketing, we desire to collect, explore, and evaluate research on innovation. Key goals of this paper depart be to provide a building for thinking about innovation across the fields, highlight important streams of research on innovation, suggest interrelationships, and provide taxonomy of related topics. Successful innovation rests on first of all understanding customer needs and then develop growths that meet those needs. Our review of the literatu re, therefore, starts with our understanding of customers and their response to and acceptance of innovation.Because we ar interested in how firms profit from innovation, the article will then review organizational issues associated with successfully innovating and with how organizations adopt innovations. Customer understanding and the organizational linguistic context atomic number 18 underpinnings to innovating successfully. They must be in place ahead proceeding. Then the flow of innovation will be discussed. SUCCESS FACTORS IN AN ORGANISATION Success factors for an organisation predominantly identified in the research papers are crop innovation R&D investment Leadership commission, Clear understanding of the social clubs capabilities, Strong connection to the customer and a deep understanding of major customer problems, Willingness to take full-size but well-understood risks. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Once consumer needs are understood and organizations for innovating a nd strategies are in place, then begins the execution part of innovationmoving from having a strategy to conceiving a design to delivering against that strategy, to designing the final yield and its manufacturing process, to finally having a (hopefully successful) commercial product.This section examines research that has sought to improve this process of product development (PD), which is predominantly prescriptive in nature. We begin with a brief review of product development processes, then will discuss about the research applicable to to each one of various stages of product development. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES The emerging view in industry is of product development as an end-to-end process that draws on marketing, engineering, manufacturing, and organizational development. The core of this process is the product development funnel of opportunity identification, design and engineering, testing, and first appearance.Previous researches recognizes that, for a single su ccessful product dive, failures will be many, although some may be recycled, reworked, and improve to become successful products. rase when a product has been in the marketplace, innovation continues as the firm continually searches for new opportunities and ideas. Researches in any case recognize the genuine hypothesis that firms are most successful if they have multiple product impressions in the pipeline at any given conviction, forming a portfolio of excogitates.These parturiencys might relate to independent products but increasingly are based on coordinated platforms to take favour of common components and/or economies of scope. Risk is inherent in product development hardly a(prenominal) of the many concepts in a portfolio are likely to be successful. Information to evaluate alternative concepts is often imperfect, difficult to obtain, and tight to integrate into the organization. For each success, the process begins with 6 to 10 concepts that are evaluated and ei ther rejected or meliorate as they move from opportunity identification to launch.RESEARCH CHALLENGES PD processes are only as levelheaded as the bulk who use them. Structured processes force evaluation, but evaluation imposes both monetary and time costs. Teams can be tempted to skip evaluations or, worse, solelyify advancement with faulty or incomplete data. There are substantial research opportunities to understand the optimal trade-offs among evaluation costs, the motivations of team ups for accuracy, and the motivations of teams for career advancement. For example, advancing a concept to the contiguous stage in either a sequential or spiral process requires a hand-off.New team members must have sufficient data to accept the hand-off. In some instances, the old team members are right a right smart required to witness for new projectsa disincentive to advancing a concept through the introduction. grocerying, with its tradition of research on people, whether they are cu stomers or product developers, have many research streams that can inform and advance the theory and practice of PD processes. Despite this, we have seen little prescribed investigation of the link betwixt marketing capabilities and PD processes.The most critical research challenges in this empyrean acknowledge, Improving the effectiveness of non sequential PD processes Understanding which process is best in which situations Understanding when it is purloin to modify processes Linking marketing capabilities and PD processes Understanding the explicit and implicit rewards and incentives that encourage PD teams to either affirm by or circumvent formal processes. Both market orientation and innovation have been identified as crucial success factors in companies.A positive impact of market orientation and innovation on company performance has been found in many industries and under a wide go of market characteristics. Research on market orientation is focused in particular on vo luminous companies. How eer, market orientation is expected to be important for small companies as well as large-scale companies. Research in this field for small firms is relevant because small companies are widely represented in important industries like retailing, services and agriculture.Research has shown the importance of market orientation for the success of product innovations. A market orientation may stimulate innovations and increase the performance of innovations. In this paper we will focus on innovations in small independent companies that do not have the capacity for R&D as opposed to innovations in medium sized and large companies. Various models about the relationship between market orientation and innovation have been proposed examined the impact of market orientation on innovation characteristics employ measure for market orientation. many an(prenominal) studies that focus on factors discriminating between successful and unsuccessful innovations decide that mar ket orientation is one of the main contributing factors to innovation success. INNOVATION Innovation is the reality of bettor or more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society. Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a new idea or method, whereas invention refers more immediately to the creation of the idea or method itself.The word innovation derives from the Latin word innovatus, which is the noun form of innovare to renew or change, stemming from ininto + novusnew. Diffusion of innovation research was first started in 1903 by seminal tec Gabriel Tarde, who first plotted the S- cause diffusion curve. Tarde (1903) be the innovation-decision process as a series of footprints that includes archetypical knowledge, Forming an attitude, A decision to adopt or reject, Implementation and use, Confirmation of the decision, Innovation.Innovation is the process by which an id ea or invention is translated into a good or service for which people will pay, or something that results from this process. To be called an innovation, an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a limited need. Innovation involves deliberate covering of information, imagination, and initiative in deriving great(p)er or varied hold dear from imaginativenesss, and encompasses all processes by which new ideas are startd and converted into useful products.In parentage, innovation often results from the industry of a scientific or technical idea in decreasing the gap between the needs or expectations of the customers and the performance of a companys products. In a social context, innovation is equally important in devising new collaborative methods such as alliance creation, joint venturing, flexible working hours, and in creating demoraliseers purchasing power through methods such as layaway plans. INNOVATIONS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES (1) evolutionary innovations are brought about by numerous incremental advances in technology or processes and are of twain types a) Continuous evolutionary innovations result in an alteration in product characteristics instead of in a new product, and do not require any user-learning or changes in his or her routine. Examples are the multiblade sliver razor, fluoride toothpaste, and laptop computers. (b) Dynamic continuous evolutionary innovations require some user-learning but do not disrupts his or her routine. Examples are fax machines, instant photography, and handheld computers. (2) Revolutionary innovations ( too called discontinuous innovations) require a good deal of user-learning, often disrupt his or her routine, and may even require new behaviour patterns.Examples are photocopier (xerography) machines, private computers, and the Internet. Innovation is synonymous with risk-taking and organizations that introduce revolutionary products or technologies take on the greatest risk because they have to create new markets. A little risky innovation strategy is that of the imitator who starts with a new product (usually created by a revolutionary-innovator) having a large and growing demand. The imitator then proceeds to satisfy that demand go bad with a more effective approach.Examples are IBM with its PC against Apple Computer, Compaq with its cheaper PCs against IBM, and Dell with its still-cheaper clones (sold directly to the customer) against Compaq. Although many innovations are created from inventions, it is possible to innovate without inventing, and to invent without innovating. NECESSITY FOR INNOVATION Innovation will be the necessity for social and economical growth of the nation in future. We live and die through relation subscribe innovation. The world has changed because of innovation only. Science is responsible for all the innovations we feel around, remarked Srinivasan K.Swamy, President, All India wariness Association (AIMA), New Del hi A light bulb overhead may signal a bright idea in cartoons and comic books, but in todays commercial readprise world companies cant sit around waiting for creative bolts of inspiration. durable success requires a process of innovation that is predictable and consistent. Today innovation is necessary to survive. The global market has become so competitive that innovation is now as valuable an investment as gross revenue and marketing. Markets are becoming more global, not less, so the value of innovation will continue to increase.Heres why a) The best ideas and technologies spread rapidly around the world now. A company with a new product may deem a one-time splash, but before long bothone else will have adopted it. A consistent, predictable innovation process enables companies to overcome this. b) Brands arent as powerful as they used to be. Experience is now more important than tag name as the basis for a persons purchasing decision. The Internet allows people to share exp eriences about a company with millions of some others. People now choose the products that give them the highest value, not clean the best-known brands.Relying on a strong brand name is no longer enough. Consistent, predictable innovation is the answer. The Society of Management Accountants calls innovationfundamental to the quest for profitable, sustainable growth. 3 Peter Drucker, probably the most insightful management guru ever, deems it the one business competence needed for the future. Fortune magazines advice to companies who take to be named to its Most Admired List? Innovate, innovate, innovate. Innovation currently accounts for more than half of all growth. And it is tremendously profitable.A study done on the rate of return for 17 successful innovations showed a fuddled return of 56% compared with an average ROI of 16%. Companies are catching on to this sea change. In an Ernst & modern study, European and North American companies called innovation the most important criterion for success in the future. Even technology firms who presumably are leading this charge consider making innovation happen the industrys single biggest problem. nonfunctional INDUSTRY Indian ornamentals industry has witnessed strong growth during the past few years and has emerged as one of the industries holding immense future growth potential.The enhancives industry registered impressive sales worth Rs 288. 7 Billion (US$ 5. 8 Billion) in 2010. The sector has principally been driven by modify purchasing power and rising fashion consciousness of the Indian population. Moreover, the industry players are readily consumption on the promotional activities to increase consumer awareness. According to our new research report Indian Cosmetic domain Analysis (2009-2012), Indian nonfunctionals sector is expected to witness noteworthy growth rate in near future, owing to the rising beauty concerns of both men and women.The industry holds promising growth prospects for both existing and new players. The baseline for the optimistic future out construe of the Indian cosmetics industry is that, there has been a break in variety of products poke outed by the industry players. Moreover, the companies have started opting for online retailing and are offering specialized products to generate revenue from all the corners. Rising usage of Cosmeceuticals and Nutricosmetics by the Indian consumers will likewise pave way for the Indian cosmetics market during the forecast period.Our research report incorporates an innovation of the cosmetics industry in India. It provides segment level analysis of the industry along with the emerging trends and innovation that happened in the previous years. INNOVATION IN COSMETIC INDUSTRY The cosmetics industry is a lucrative, forward-looking, and fast-paced industry. It is also a make market segment in the retail industry. In it they highlight the next products as examples of what cosmetic companies are doing to create inn ovative products. 1. flog from a lingerie company 2. Mens cologne in a bottle shaped like a 1 3.Nanotechnology shin care cream 4. 3D anti-ageing skin mask. The only product that could have some techno system of logical innovation is the one based on nanotechnology. Unfortunately, there are no claims given and you could easily make the product by creating a standard skin lotion with added, non-functional nanotechnology. If cosmetic companies really wanted to set their products apart from the competition, they need to create formulas that solve consumer problems in some maestro way. Consumers dont care about how their products work (say nanotechnology), they care about the end results.The major sections of cosmetics in this industry are sun care, skin care, pig care, body care and perfumes and decorative cosmetics. SUN apportion The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends regular sun screen use to help protect skin against UV radiation Significant industry investment has help ed develop increasingly effective and appealing sunscreens that allow for broad UV (both UVA and UVB) protection Contain a combination of nano-sized mineraln (e. g. titanium dioxide) and organic UV filters to offer high levels of protection Have applications that suit all lifestyles and consumer needsSKIN CARE Skin fear is important because skin is the largest organ in the body, serving as a vital defence barrier. This also makes it particularly vulnerable to damage . Regular cleansing and caring improves hygiene, prevents pores from becoming clogged, removes dead skin cells and protects against orthogonal elements Dermatological research continually leads to more effective and gentle applications that address antithetical skin types such as dry or aged skin. downslope 30, 2011 Euromonitor Reports Growth in Skin billing Market in Africa & the Middle East Between 2005 & 2010.As new opportunities for skin care in key developed markets slowly dry up, oftentimes stronger gr owth forecasts for the category in many markets in Africa Dec 28, 2011 R Highlight Angle-dependent Interference Pigments Multilayer pigments alternately coated with layers having high and low refractive index are known in the art. The optical effect of the pigments Dec 14, 2011 Editorial Future-Touch Translates Future Trends into Innovation Dec 14, 2011 bind UK spa company Elemis has established itself as a leading professional spa company as well as a strong contender in the retail cosmetics market.HAIR CARE products Shampoos, conditioners, hair colourizeants, texturisers, serums, hair sprays, growth stimulators, anti-dandruff shampoos, lotions. Improved own(prenominal) hygiene via treatment of dandruff, itchy scalp, greasiness Enables self-expression, helping consumers have confidence in their appearance and greater self-esteem Meeting specific consumer needs such as crackling fly-away hair, taming unruly hair with relaxants, adding texture to limp hair, repairing damaged hair and restoring colour to aged hair BODY CARE Products Soaps, antiperspirants, deodorants, body washes, shower gels, body lotions, scrubs, oils. Benefits Soap represents a strong historical popular health advance, helping break down grease and dirt Antiperspirants and deodorants enhance comfort and hygiene by helping avoid excessive perspiration and resulting body odour Non-soap detergent bars enable small cleansing for consumers with skin conditions (eczema, rosacea, mild atopic dermatitis, etc. ) PERFUME Products Perfumes, colognes, salves, scented oils BenefitsFragrances play a significant consumption in enhancing personal well-being Aromatherapy research reveals that smells influence our emotions, inspire creativity and are the fastest repositing triggers The sense of smell is proven to be an important factor in the process through which we form relationships. DECORATIVE COSMETICS Products Foundations, blushes, powders, eye Benefits Make-up enables self-expres sion, helping consumers have confidence in their appearance and greater selfesteem clinical research confirms that the ability to take care of your appearance during illness increases confidence and can aid the heal processScience is at the heart of every cosmetic product. R programmes generate new patents every year and in 2009, over 2600 (an estimated 10% of all patents granted in the EU) were awarded to the cosmetics industry. Scientists from a wide honk of disciplines such as physics, microbiology, biology, toxicology, rheology, analytical chemistry and genetics apply their skills in the European cosmetics industry. In total, the European cosmetics industry employs approximately 17,000 scientists.R programmes investigate consumer behaviour and beauty aspirations, the biology of skin and hair, new innovative technologies and sustainable development this helps to take in the best ingredients which are the most respectful of human health and the environment, and to create new fo rmulations which respond to both expectations and challenges Innovation is vital for the European cosmetics and personal care products industry. It can take over 5 years of innovative research and formulation to bring a new product to the market Every year, a quarter of all cosmetic products on the market are improved or are completely new.Europe is the flagship producer and mass consumer market of cosmetics and personal care products in the world. Ongoing changes in the environment and in consumer lifestyles require new innovations that meet increasing needs, such as caring for and protecting skin from sun and weather damage SUSTAINABILITY The cosmetics industry is committed to sustainability and aims to Reduce the environmental impact of the sector and its supply chain, from ingredient sourcing through to packaging. Ensure a balance between the economic, environmental and social pillars of sustainabilityWHY INNOVATION IS REQUIRED IN COSMETIC INDUSTRY Cosmetic products are importa nt consumer products with an essential role in everyones life apart from traditional cosmetic products, such as physical composition and perfumes, it also includes products for personal hygiene, for example tooth-care products, shampoos and soaps. Todays cosmetic market is driven by innovation including new colour pallets, treatments targeted to specific skin types and unique formulas concentrating on different needs. Most cosmetics products have a lifespan of less than five years and manufacturers reformulate 25% of their products every year.They need to improve products ever in order to stay ahead in a highly competitive market where more choice and ever greater efficacy are expected by the consumer. The European cosmetics industry is a world leader and dominant cosmetics exporter, a highly innovative sector and a significant employer in Europe. The EUs involvement concerns mainly the regulatory framework for market access, international trade relations and regulatory convergenc e, all aiming to ensure the highest level of consumer safety duration promoting the innovation and the competitiveness of this sector.Innovation is important for any business but for cosmetic industry it is a necessity. Recently Several hundreds of key representatives from the European cosmetics industry have gathered in Brussels to discuss the importance of industry on the European economy and how it can build for a sustainable future. Discussion at the General Assembly focused on Science, Beauty and disturbance Innovating for a Sustainable Future. Fabio Franchina, President of Colipa mentioned Todays cosmetic industry, is more dynamic and innovative than ever, and we are committed to ensuring that we contribute fully to a truly sustainable uture. He also mentioned that innovation is the life-blood of the cosmetic industry This product innovation strategy guides the businesss New Product Development stress and helps to steer pick allocation and project selection. In the mid-1 990s, P&Gs Cosmetics business lacked a business and product innovation strategy, the result being that Product Development efforts were scattered many different initiatives were launched in many different product categories and segments in a futile attempt to win. There was no focus. The first element was a product innovation strategy.Indeed, the real breakthrough occurred in the Cosmetics business flip-flop when the business leadership team began a rigorous business planning process leading to all the way defined objectives, goals, strategies, and measures. A such(prenominal) more concentrated innovation strategy was elected, focusing on lips, brass section and eyes, alternatively than the entire body. Next important facet of strategy meant getting the supply chain under control end-to-end supply network management. Management streamlined the supply network so that action and shipments were secure to market demand.As a result, they were able to reduce the time in the supply network, thereby eliminating much of the product obsolescence generated with each new product launch. By focusing first on an innovation strategy for the business, the stage was set for effective Product Development. The message is that if your business lacks a product innovation and technology strategy, you are missing a key element of successful product innovation. This strategy should include the goals for the businesss product innovation effort and how these goals tie into the broader business goals.This strategy is more than just a list of this years development projects. It has a much longer-term commitment. The innovation strategy also includes delimitate strategic arenas or areas of focus, much like the Cosmetics business did. That is, you need to define the product, market, and technology areas in which the business will focus its Product Development efforts. The key here is focus. Innovation is important on different levels and is also important for different reasons. Inn ovation is an important driver of Economic growth and improvement. For Cosmetic Industry it is for Survival Growth Shareholder return Individual perspective every industry constantly needs to innovate. Industry changes their route to work to become more efficient. They change how they do something (process innovation). They train to hold out their skills (to gain competitive advantage). Virtually all of the economic growth that has occurred since the eighteenth century is ultimately due to innovation. The Economist Intelligence Unit undertook a survey in 2007 which noted that long? run economic growth depends on the creation and fostering of an environment that encourages innovation.Innovation is considered an important driver of long-term productiveness and economic growth. Innovation is required to raise productivity, meet the challenges of globalization and to live within our environmental and demographic limits. Some major reasons for innovation are ? To survive adverse ch anges in operating circumstances ? To make life easier for the customers ? To gain competitive advantages ? To protect market share ? To reposition an organization and raise its visibleness ? To lead the market and reinforce a reputation as market leader ?To open new horizons so as to get out of a rut or avenues with limited potential ? To draw out extra funding ? To raise margins and profitability ? To drive total shareholder returns. FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING AN R&D COSMETIC STRATEGY In this weeks cosmetics and skin care industry stick on, the New logic portfolio team write about six factors to consider when developing your R&D cosmetics strategy. To research the post we reviewed our cosmetics posts over the last few months, and conducted ancillary research. 1. The Combination of Groundbreaking Formula and User-friendly PackagingIn the cosmetics and personal care industry, breakthrough innovations on formulas and packaging are still keys to success as they directly relate to produ ct performance. Cosmetic and skin care chemists search for the ingredients and technology to advance product efficacy, while they also contribute to design innovative package that improve product applications. This is obvious, but its the formula, talking to systems and packaging that make all the difference when it comes to developing innovative cosmetics projects. Your R&D cosmetics strategy has to consider what these fundamentals. . Concentrated Product Development A successful cosmetics R&D strategy is efficient in solving two problems shorten product development times and improve innovation initiatives. In the cosmetics and personal care industry, the diversity of product lines (face, body, lips, and eyes) creates a barrier that prevents the easy innovation across all categories. go through leaders use R&D project portfolio optimization to pinpoint innovation projects that align with current resources and leverage the development of existing expertise in a technology.The May beline Great blister Mascara collection has a history of 40 years, during which period its product profile has continued to expand. Maybelline has focused on enhancing the Great Lash product line through conducting consumer insight research, selecting pilot productions and adjusting the R&D process. 3. Consumer-oriented Strategy Any R&D innovations begin with the goal to improve consumer experience. R&D leaders conduct market research to discover problems and collect consumer insights, which if executed correctly can turn into new treatment solutions and product upgrades.As increasing numbers of cosmetics companies expand worldwide, consumer-oriented strategy also includes outsourcing or moving R&D centers oversea to enhance local R&D capability. For example, LOreal China has improved its shampoo formula in order to cater to Asian hair care needs. Overseas R&D centers help facilitate regional research and local talent recruitment. It may also benefit the R&D process in the host cou ntry as such outsourcing enables the exploitation of local technology and resources for company-wide projects. 4. The Challenge of Product DiversificationWhile expanding a brands product profile is more of a business strategy, cosmetics and skin care R&D departments need a comprehensive technology development strategy to help anticipate risks and structure conceptualization. For example, when a successful skin care company is nerve-racking to launch cosmetics lines, the company needs to decide which products to start developing pilot engineering programs. A product development plan thats been perfectd for project selection can allow a company to lay a solid foundation and avoid failures at different stages by understanding whats possible from the projects to select and implement. . Mergers and Acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions allow merged companies to realize the optimal allocation of R&D resources, such as facilities and working capital investments. In this way, R&D departme nts have the chance to share information and develop give products. In the cosmetics and personal care industry, company mergers and acquisitions may not necessarily lead to the merger of R&D departments. However, a well-established parent company can provide its brands with R&D guidelines that improve innovation capabilities and optimize the product development process. 6.Cross-Industry Development Another future R&D trend are cross-industry solutions, where tighter partnerships with other industries as well as the knowledge of other sciences, such as food and biochemistry enhance R&D knowledge. For example, nutricosmetics was first developed by the Swedish biochemist and scientist Ake Dahlgren, who later founded the first nutricosmetic company Imedeen in the late 1980s. In recent years, LOreal and Shiseido have started R&D projects in nutricosmetics, applying what was originally developed from saturated science to personal care products. P&G AND INNOVATIONLet us now take an exam ple of a leading company P&G and how they improved in cosmetic industry with its Innovation. P&Gs cosmetics business is a case in point where a dramatic turnaround was achieved via a disciplined, holistic approach to new product management. The story begins when P&G acquired the poke out Girl and Clarion cosmetics brands in 1989. Two years later Max Factor was acquired. P&G then use its tried-and-true approach of leveraging scale and an innovation strategy with a few, big new products. But there was no real business strategy, and efforts were scattered and unfocused.And so, by 1994, management was forced to call in and retrench. They dropped the Clarion line and through much of the 90s, senior management at P&G wondered if they should be in the cosmetics business at all A new line, under the Oil of Olay banner, was attempted but failed, and the entire cosmetics business continued to decline. The turnaround of P&Gs Cosmetics business started in the late 90s when business unit manag ement moody to P&Gs chess openings, Diamond philosophy. Today, P&Gs Cosmetics business is a healthy, growing, and profitable enterprise.Performance results have significantly improved since the late 90s, and the business is seen as a key growth contributor for P&G. The major factors that drive a businesss new project performance, illustrated in the Innovation Diamond are Having a product innovation and technology strategy in place for the business Having an effective and efficient ideato- launch process alternative commitment, which focuses on the right projects portfolio management and People that is, having the right climate and culture, effective cross-functional teams, and senior management commitment to New Product Development. aha was that there is no one key to success in product innovation, and thereof management stepped back from a focus on individual initiatives and looked at the broader picture. For example, having a great idea-to-launch process is not sufficient its not a stand alone driver of positive performance. P&Gs Initiatives Diamond serves as a guide for each businesss product innovation effort, and helps to focus managements attention on what is important to success.According to Bob McDonald, P&Gs Vice Chairman of worldwide Operations, The Initiative Diamond played a significant role in improving the business results in P&Gs Household Care global business unit. This work brought us a new discipline to manage our innovation programs and yielded a major increase in the in-market success of our initiatives. They aligned their organization on how to use Stage-Gate success criteria, and portfolio and resource management to deliver offend innovations for the consumers they serve. pic picThe top half of P&Gs infield in Exhibit 2 is strategic in nature, and captures the businesss product innovation strategy goals, the ruffle of new products required to meet those goals, and the required resources. Portfolio management (or project selection) is thus closely connected to strategy. The buttocks half of the diamond is more operational and focuses on delivering specific new product projects or initiatives what resources must be put in place for each project and how individual new product projects are managed so they succeed, using P&Gs idea-to-launch SIMPL methodology.Coincidentally, the two diamondsP&Gs Initiatives Diamond in Exhibit 2 on this page and the research-based Innovation Diamond in Exhibit 1are almost the kindred. Each one or both can be used to guide your businesss new product efforts. Here is a quick look at the quartette drivers of performance and how they work at P&G. driver 1A product innovation and technology strategy for the business Best performing businesses put a product innovation and technology strategy in place, driven by the business leadership team and a strategic vision of the business.This product innovation strategy guides the businesss New Product Development direction and helps to steer r esource allocation and project selection. In the mid-1990s, P&Gs Cosmetics business lacked a business and product innovation strategy, the result being that Product Development efforts were scattered many different initiatives were launched in many different product categories and segments in a futile attempt to win. There was no focus. The first element of the diamond is a product innovation strategy.Indeed, the real breakthrough occurred in the Cosmetics business turnaround when the business leadership team began a rigorous business planning process leading to cl proto(prenominal) defined objectives, goals, strategies, and measures. A much more concentrated innovation strategy was elected, focusing on lips, face and eyes, rather than the entire body. A second facet of strategy meant getting the supply chain under control end-to-end supply network management. Management streamlined the supply network so that production and shipments were tied to market demand.As a result, they were able to reduce the time in the supply network, thereby eliminating much of the product obsolescence generated with each new product launch. By focusing first on an innovation strategy for the business, the stage was set for effective Product Development. The message is that if your business lacks a product innovation and technology strategy, you are missing a key element of successful product innovation. This strategy should include the goals for the businesss product innovation effort and how these goals tie into the broader business goals. This strategy is more than just a list of this years development projects.It has a much longer-term commitment. The innovation strategy also includes defining strategic arenas or areas of focus, much like the Cosmetics business did. That is, you need to define the product, market, and technology areas in which the business will focus its Product Development efforts. The key here is focus. Driver 2An effective and efficient idea to- launch syste m Studies show that an effective new product process, such as Stage-Gate, exists in top performing businesses, a system that drives new product projects from the idea phase through to launch and beyond. In P&Gs Cosmetics business, developing an innovation strategy was a solid first step, but the means of implementing strategy must be in place too. So management turned to a second element of the diamond, namely P&Gs SIMPLthe Successful Initiative Management and Product Launch model. SIMPL is a stage-and-gate new product process, a methodology for driving new product projects from the idea phase through to launch and into post-launch The SIMPL model forced project teams to do their homework early in the project.For example, much consumer research work was undertaken, and consumer insights gained led to winning new product concepts. One big success is Outlast by Cover- Girl. This ten-hour lipsticka kiss-proof, long-lasting lipstickuses a unique two-part application system (first a colo r and then a gloss) to produce an enduring lip color and gloss. A second winnerLipfinity by Max Factorwas also introduced, again using the SIMPL model. Both new products have been huge successes not only in the U. S. , but around the world.The turnaround of the cosmetics business was current Most companies claim to have a new product process or stage-and-gate system in place, according to a recent PDMA study. 7 Further investigation reveals, however, that most firms processes are deficient. They are peaked(predicate) designed, they miss the mark when it comes to best practices, and they are badly implemented. 2,3 P&G is an exception. Their idea-to-launch process, SIMPL, is a rigorous process that uses stage-and-gate decision-making complete with clear go/kill criteria and timing requirements.The SIMPL model, shown in Exhibit 3, consists of four main stages, with each stage building in a set of current best practices in the form of key activities, and also clearly defined expectati ons for project team in the form of end-points. There are also four gates or go/kill decision-points in the model each gate is comprised of a team recommendation and a management decision. The SIMPL Model P&Gs approach is different from that of most firms, however. Instead of focusing on the process per se (like so many companies do), management stepped back and identified the basic principles that the model is founded on.These principles are constants across many and varied businesses and geographies. But the constancy of these principles has helped the company adapt the model to many different types of businesses and different types of projects leading to a standardized and globally applied Stage-Gate process. The principles which underlie the SIMPL model are shown in the box on this page and explained here in more detail Winning in the marketplace is the goal. In many firms, too much emphasis is on getting through the process that is, getting ones project approved or preparing de liverables for the succeeding(prenominal) gate. In the past, P&G was no different.By contrast, this principle emphasizes winning in the marketplace as the goal, not merely going through the process. Specific success criteria for each project are defined and agreed to by the project team and management at the gates these success criteria are then used to evaluate the project at the post-launch review. And the project team is held accountable for achieving results when measured against these success criteria. (By contrast, the great majority of businesses still do not conduct post-launch reviews on projects and even fewer hold their project teams accountable for achieving agreed-to project results).Use criteria for making Go/Kill decisions. Specific success criteria for each gate relevant to that stage are defined for each project. Examples include expected profitability, launch date, expected sales, and even interim metrics, such as test results expected in a subsequent stage. These criteria, and targets to be achieved in them, are agreed to by the project team and management at each gate. These success criteria are then used to evaluate the project at successive gates. Risk and rigor must be balanced. Project teams employ appropriate e rigor in learning, planning, and decision- making in order to apologize risk.They build in a strong consumer focus and rely heavily on voice of customer research they front end-load their projects, undertaking appropriate, often extensive up-front homework prior to development and they focus on developing differentiated, superior products that meet customer needs better than competitors. Note that SIMPL is also scalable and is tailor-made for specific projects based on level of risk and size of investment. Not every project requires the same degree of rigor, front-end work, and market research. Use a common language.Throughout the 1990s, each P&G business unit had developed its own version of a stage-and-gate new product proc ess. Integration, cooperation, and measurement across businesses thus proved difficult with each business using a different system and different terminology. A GLOBAL PROCESS The current SIMPL process is a corporate global processthe same stages, gates, principles and measuresand is universal across geographies and business units. Each business, however, is free to adjust and adapt the process to suit its own business requirements.SIMPL is not stand alone. The idea to- launch process is only one ingredient of successful innovation, a single element of a much larger whole, the Diamond. Individual projects cannot be managed independently of other projects, their priorities, resource constraints, and changing business conditions. Thus the Diamond represents the relationship between these elements innovation strategy,resource planning, project selection, and the SIMPL new product process SIMPL Driver 3Resource commitment, focusing on the right projects and portfolio managementIn P&Gs Co smetics business, portfolio management, a third element of the Initiatives Diamond, was next employed to enable management to look at its entire portfolio of new product initiatives, and secure the right balance and mix. Through portfolio management, the business make a pipeline of new and improved products that established the needed initiative rhythm for each product line (face, lips, eyes). New products and upgrades in each product line created news and excitement in the market. This launch and sustain portfolio approach was a key part of winning in the marketplace.Best performers like P&G have an efficient portfolio management system that helps the business leadership team effectively apportion resources to the right areas and projects. P&G splits this resource commitment facet of the diamond into two parts project selection and resource planning. The company relies primarily on success criteria as part of the SIMPL process to help make better go/kill decisions on projects, as noted above. In addition, a number of P&G businesses have developed screening tools using scorecard methods for early decisions and for the selection of ideas to enter the SIMPL process.When it comes to resource planning for projects in the portfolio, P&Gs methods vary depending on the nature of the business. Many P&G businesses utilize a resource compose approach to resource planning. The resource profiling method helps to assess future project resource needs based on learning from past projects, and it anticipates peak resource periods of time. This approach enables businesses, such as Fabric Care, to improve the overall portfolio decision process by allocating scarce resources to the highest priority projects globally.The most technically complex, resource-intensive businesses use purchased resource management software. These software tools look at people available versus requirements for specific tasks on individual projects to focus on near-term resource constraints. P&Gs del iberate approach to portfolio management and resource planning (the resource facet of the diamond) has had a strong positive impact, according to Martin Riant, President of P&G Global Baby and Adult Care and formerly President of P&Gs Global Feminine Care and Antiperspirants/ Deodorants business. Using the diamond has had a remarkable effect on our business results. It has forced a much higher level of discipline in how we allocate our resources, how and when we make investment decisions and in accountability of projects to deliver what they promise, he says. Driver 4A positive climate and environment for innovation People, culture, and leadership make up the one-fourth driver of performance of the diamond (Exhibit 1). First, senior management must lead the innovation effort and be strongly committed to New Product Development.This senior commitment is most evident at P&G where Chairman, President, and Chief Executive A. G.. Lafley, makes it clear, Innovation is a prerequisite for sustained growth. No other trail to profitable growth can be sustained over time. Without continual innovation, markets stagnate, products become commodities, and margins shrink, he explains. A positive climate and culture for innovation and entrepreneurship, combined with effective cross-functional teams backed by strong management support and empowerment are fundamental to success. P&G has focused much effort here in recent years, which has helped it generate a step level improvement in results. The entire innovation effort, together with the Initiatives Diamond and SIMPL process, is sponsored and owned by both the commercial (sales and marketing) and technical (R&D and engineering) communities. An important step was the creation of Initiative Success Managers who report to each of the companys business unit presidents. These Initiative Success Managers make the diamond and SIMPL work. QUESTIONNAIREA small survey was carried out to find out the behaviour of cosmetic users. The su rvey was primarily designed to check on behavioural aspects of the users towards new innovative cosmetic products. The questionnaire is given below, followed by findings NAME GENDER AGE OCCUPATION 1. Do you use cosmetics? Yes No 2. How much is your income per month? Dependent 35,000 3. How much do you throw away on cosmetics per month? _______________ ( Do you agree with the following statements? Q4 Q8 1-strongly agree 2-agree 3-neutral 4-disagree 5-strongly disagree ) 4.I try new products 5. I switch brands if some other brand comes up with a better product 6. I often find gaps in my current product 7. I wait till I finish my current product till I buy another similar purpose product 8. I would rather reuse a good produce than try a new similar purpose product 9. Why do you switch products (tick all that are applicable) Price Packaging Availability Fragrance Utility Reviews 10. What kind of products do you use? herbal tea Ayurvedic Scientific Any 11. On an average h ow long do you use a product before changing it? 8 weeks 12. How many times a year do you try a new product? 10 13. How many times do you reuse a product before trying a new product? 0-1 2-3 4-6 6 14. Does the range of products available in the market match your requirements? Yes No 15. When a new product with a new feature is launched , how soon do you try it? Within 1st month 2-3 months 4-7 months 8-12 months 1 year 16. Compared to your current expenditure on cosmetics how much extra are you willing to spend on a new product with better feature/results? No extra money 1-10% 11-25% 26-50% 50% 17. On a scale of 1-5 , how important is the following feature in a cosmetic product, for you to buy it? lay the options from 1-5 where 1-Most important & 5- least important Packaging Fragrance Reviews New feature Brand ambassador FINDINGS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE The questionnaire was answered by 25 females and 10 males. There were 20 from the age group of 30-35 years, 5 from age group 20-25 years and 10 from age group 25-30 years. About 70% of the respondents spend around 3% of their income on cosmetics per month. 67% of the respondents try new products. pic 63% of the respondents switch brands if some other brand comes up with a better product. 80% of the respondents often find gaps in their current product inspite of the huge range of cosmetics available. pic 34% of the respondents wait till they finish their current product till they buy another similar purpose product. 27% of the respondents would rather reuse a good product than try a new similar purpose product. 87% of the respondents switch products due to better utility, 64% on the basis of reviews, 39% depending on availability, 30% depending on price, 12% depending on fragrance and 6% depending on fragrance. pic 58% of the respondents use a product for 6-8 weeks before changing it. 42% of the respondents try a new product 3-6 times a year. 60% of the respondents reuse the same pro duct only 2-3 times a year before trying a similar new product. Despite the wide variety of products available in the market, 66% of the respondents feel that the products in the market do not match their requirements.Maximum percentage of the respondents buys a new product with 2-6 months of its launch. 6% of the respondents are willing to pay no extra money for a new product with better features, 15% of the respondents are willing to pay 1-10% extra money for a new product with better features, 33% of the respondents are willing to pay 11-25% extra money for a new product with better features, 25% of the respondents are willing to pay 26-50% extra money for a new product with better features & 21% of the respondents are willing to pay more than 50% extra money for a new product with better features. pic For 56% of the respondents a new feature in a cosmetic product motivates them into buying. All the above responses indicate towards the fact that customers are tempted to buy ne w, innovative, better products. REFERENCES R. G. Cooper, S. J. Edgett & E. J. Kleinschmidt, New Product Development Best Practices Study What Distinguishes the Top Performers, Houston APQC (American Productivity & Quality Center), 2002 Robert G. Cooper, Michael S. Mills, Succeeding at New Products the P&G Way Work the Innovation Diamond,working paper no. 1, 2005 R. G. Cooper, S. J. Edgett & E. J. Kleinschmidt, Best Practices in Product Innovation What Distinguishes Top Performers, Product Development Institute, 2003. R. G. Cooper, Product Leadership Pathways to Profitable Innovation, 2nd edition. Reading, MA Perseus Books, 2005. R. G. Cooper & E. J. Kleinschmidt, Benchmarking firms new product performance and practices, Engineering Management, 1995. John Hauser, Gerard J. Tellis, Abbie Griffin, Research on Innovation A Review and docket for Marketing Science, 2006 M.Mills, Implementing a Stage-GateTM process at Procter & Gamble, Association for Manufacturing Excellence Internation al Conference, Competing on the Global Stage, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2004. R. G. Cooper, Winning at New Products Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, 3rd edition. Reading, Mass Perseus Books, 2001. R. G. Cooper and S. J. Edgett, Product Innovation and Technology Strategy (Hamilton, ON Product Development Institute, 2009). PDMAs quarterly magazine for Product Development professionals, How P&G achieves such stellar NPD results, Insights into Innovation, October 2005 Vol. XXIX No. 4,