The field of organizational behaviour Essay Example for Free

The playing field of organic lawal behaviour EssayIntroductionThe placement is the result of a mathematical operation of organizing a envisioning of people, aimed at achieving common goals that their complexity raisenot be strived by one person. So, the organization has developed from the need to arrive at goods in much higher than in times past could make consorters in their workshops. Also, the organization has emerged as a necessity to increase efficiency and quality work. We can say the organization is a schema that is characterized by a specific helpal social system and a process through which the common targets and specific. For example, the university is a organization that integrates student, teacher, administrator and laboratory technical staff, aimed at the generation, transfer and diffusion of know takege.In any organization there atomic number 18 two fundamental processes a process for achieving products and services for which an organization was creat ed and a guidance process to disc everywhere execution of the first-year in terms of efficiency and quality Organization is characterized by an inner(a) surround, external environment and a opercap fitting interface between the two environments.Being an scatter system, we see the existence of the system input streams and output streams of system. Internal environment is characterized by the existence of generalised field of forces and a transformation of input into output. External environment be characterized by having a generalise field of forces that act continuously on the organization, at its interface with the intern environment .If these forces are harder than the internal environment, the organization declines and if adaptation measures are not taken, in this case result bankruptcy. For example a grinder that produces fertilizers for agriculture, manages to successfully sell products mart and to ensure good employees a salary.Management of company has developed a dynamic equilibrium between existing forces inside and outside At a time, there is a law protecting the environment and impose more than severerequirements new quantities of harmful substances discharged into the gentle wind or wastewaters .This means that the external environment have developed strong legislative force, for which there is seemly strength inside and so was some imbalance. To restore the dynamic balance of company is necessary to arrange in new technologies for filtering and treating harmful substances, in order to meet new standards. If fails this, technological line may be closed and if the company has no other viable processes, the company may go bankruptcy.The organization is on establish two social systems a serviceable and organisational construction. The ORGANIZATION organize of units is on the whole target work and departments that make up the unit, their grouping and subordination including links to be established between them to enrapture out pr operly all in all work tasks. When is projected, a rational and efficient organization coordinate moldiness meet certain(a) general requirements such as covering the whole spectrum of activities of the organization and to distribute them properly, to ensure continuity and fluidity in automobilerying out, to ensure that management units at each level as realizable that each have a single chief subordinated also be flexible to adapt to incompatible light requirements amplification for organization development, job cuts for a decline in the organization etc.. Characteristic elements of an organizational structure are model, function, gradable level, department, hierarchical share, and functional connexion. POSITION is a set of tasks, objectives, powers and responsibilities incumbent in regularly and one permanent employee. mold represents all jobs with the same characteristics .So, in organization more employees can work with as head of department or head office. HIERARCHICAL S HARE is number of employees led by a directly manager. In a mid-sized or large enterprise hierarchy shares is 4-8 subordinates for positions laid in the upper half of the managerial pyramid and can grow up to 20-30 subordinates, as the hierarchical level approaches the bottom.DEPERTMENT are all employees divided into groups subordinate to the same manager.HIERARCHICAL LEVEL represents all departments that are at the same distance from the top of hierarchical pyramid management. As hierarchical level has a lower look upon, the better will be more levels in that organization. As the number of hierarchical levels is great with both the managerial pyramid is higher. As the number of hierarchical levels is smaller, so the pyramid becomes flattened. For example, Ford transmitted an organizational structure with 17 unsloped levels of hierarchy, and the youngest company Toyota has only 5 hierarchical levels.FUNCTIONAL linkup is necessary to integrate all functional activities. Connexi ons or links include vertical, horizontal and vertical and oblique. organisational structure with the functional integration is performed use the following concepts authority, responsibility, delegation, centralization, decentralization and specialization. AUTHORITY managers can ensure order. assistant first decision you need to implement even if they sometimes have different views. RESPONSIBILITY we all know that accepting a job, is implicitly and accountability to achieve the objectives set and answer for their failure to achieve. relegation is a share transfer, for a period of time, a decision of a competent other people, at a lower hierarchical level .Superiors delegates, transferring authority to subordinates in order to facilitate the activity. Another authorised structure underlying an organization is FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE which we can say that involve functions such as look for and development function, employment function, the function of commercial, financial accounta ncy function and staff function.About research and development function we can say that integrates aimed at generating new knowledge and ideas on the achievement and their ingress .Innovation is one of the most powerful and competitive strategies of firm .This includes activities such as forecasting activities, research, development and innovation, implementation and evaluation of results.Another function is the doing the company that processes inputs in order to enable the products and services to pander the law are basically existential demand consumers. Basically, production is the existential law firm. Function of production includes activities such as programming,scheduling and monitoring production, manufacture or use, control processes and outcomes, and repair equipment Commercial unconscious process is achieved in two ways from environment to organization and from organization to external environment.In environment first case the function performs supply material reso urce, energy, financial and teaching organization and in the latter function makes the sale and selling or offering products and services to population. Base activities of this function are supply, sales and marketing. fiscal accounting function includes all activities that provide financial resources necessary to achieve line of credit objectives and out value financial cycle of organization. In achieve this function .There are three major activities financial activities, accounting and financial control management. FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES represents all processes which determine and obtain the necessary financial resources for firm.ACCOUNTING objectives revive to activities which highlight the value recorded and material and financial resources management financial of organization. FINANCIAL CONTROL care refers to activities which check legal compliance regarding the existence, integrity, use and storage of material goods and money which is equipped organization. PERSONNEL FUNCTI ON integrates activities that comprise the recruitment, hiring, training and continuous improvement staff organization. This function has activities like evaluation of staffing, personnel selection, skeletal frame staff, performance appraisal, motivation and training personnel.FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE is a classical structure, characterized by aggregation of positions in homogeneous department which performs a function of the organization. For example, the entire organization is structured on the departments like research and development department, production department, human resources, accounting department and marketing department. Efficiency potential of functional structure is achieved by change employees in defined field of operations of activities and their motivation by allowing hierarchical promotion to the top pyramid. When qualify company production very much and is distributed across many intern and international markets can lower to find problems between units respo nsible for carrying out various products.Functional structure is used in centralize and remaineffective as long as the field strength variations in the external environment is very slow, and if the changes are predictable. In a highly dynamic external environment that requires quick reactions from firms to adapt, functional structure behaves rigid and higher response times to changes. Some of the advantages of functional structure are creating conditions for specialized personnel to increase efficiency of staff capacity-departments employees must communicate regulated. About disadvantage of functional structure-enhancing coordination comportment difficulty be motility of its sequence of activities some employees get work of their department rather than the profit of the organization-company conflicts between departments when business objectives are met, each compartment tending to exculpate.The functional organizational structure is characterized by the formation of groups that s hare similar functions. (SCOTT HEBERT).Other important structures underlying on organization are centralisation and DECENTRALIZATION. centralization is concentration in higher management authorities, in which most decisions are developed and has strong control over structural hierarchy organization. DECENTRALIZATION is granted autonomy in decision-making managers to average and lower. Centralization advantages are control, stability, coordination, responsibility, economies of scale.Centralization has disadvantages such as the implementation of decisions takes more time, because managers must obtain approval from all relevant authorities. Also narrow spectrum management activities. Advantages decentralization activities are speed, flexibility, responsiveness, relevance, motivation. DECENTRALIZATION disadvantages are diseconomies of scale more difficult to ensure consistent practices and policies (customer might prefer consistency from location to location)Fast-food business like Bur ger king and Pizza Hut use a predominantly centralised structure. Also, McDonalds is an excellent example of company with centralised structure. These restaurants are typically franchises they all receive food and packaging from the same approved vendors. Alldecision-making close menus and marketing are made at the corporate level in the America.Major supermarket chain like Morrison and Tesco use a decentralised structure .Each supermarket has a store manager who can make certain decision concerning areas like staffing, sales promotion. The store manager is responsible to a regional or area manager.Honda Motor Co. is a company with a decentralized structure. Honda develops its products in the regional markets in which it operates. The company has over 500 subsidiaries and affiliates throughout the world. The company is headed by an executive council Japan, but operations are divided across six regions (Honda, 2009). This allows Honda to sellcars and motorcycles that are most suite d to the preferences of each region. Additionally, the fact that Honda vehicles are manufactured in the region they are sold encourages the topical anesthetic population to view these vehicles more positively.(SCOTT HEBERT).Other models of organizational structure are product based structure, divisional structure, matrix structure, geographically structure, network structure and team structure. return BASED STRUCTURE is a method of identifying all products from units. Advantages -helps to develop products or services better able to meet customer needs-oriented staff interest and help increase motivation. Disadvantage may cause the creation of autonomous units that can be driven hard.DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE is characterized by aggregation of position on the type of products. For each type of products constitute a division. It was created especially for very large companies with production facilities in different geographic areas of the same country or different countries.For example, Suzuki has 6 large factories primed(p) in different geographicalareas of Japan. Each manufacture is to produce a certain type of car or motorcycle. Divisional structure allows managerial autonomy for each main division. Advantage of this structure is that employees of a division can focus on any particular type of product and how best to meet the requirements consumers. By aggregation products, divisions are so technologically equipped better meet the quality requirements impose on the market.Because all employees working for proper tooth-a division of this category of consumers, work relations are convergence towards common objectives, avoiding conflict relationships. For divisions fit(p) in different geographical areas, functional autonomy allows them to respond adequately local market demands. Divisional structure made an important step in the decentralization process by defining substantial autonomy to each division, which led to better adapt them to different market require ments. The divisional structure divides the company into groups based on product, market, or region.(SCOTT HEBERT).MATRIX STRUCTURE has a vertical reunion of work position according to company functions and horizontal reunion of work positions according to typology product. In such a structure, an employee relates to the requirements of two heads one vertical head (functional manager) and one horizontal head (product manager). It is a complex structure, whoseeffectiveness depends on the professionalism of managers and on theorganizational structure which promotes well quality.Matrix structure is indicated in organization, which have a static functional structure over a dynamic structure cooccur projects. While department heads positively correlated with their functional performance, the project heads positively correlated with duration of their projects. This structure, theoretically offers a lot of advantages, in practice, duality managerial responsibilities is also a high potenti al conflict. Also, because is complexity structure appear difficulties for assessing performance and identifying opportunities for quality improvement.Several advantages of matrix structure are flexibility and mold them soas to obtain maximum efficiency and better utilization of resources- information circulates more rapidly, using both the vertical and horizontal flows of communication.Some disadvantages of matrix structure are the existence of several influence lines may affect the dilution of responsibilities-conflicts may occur between the desire to hold managers more authority-although information move faster decision-making process takes longer, meetings due to be held between department managers in the decision.GEOGRAPHICALLY STRUCTURE organization operates in different areas, regions, countries or continents. Local manager is responsible for all activity performed by the company in his area and is subordinate to the general manager of company (head office). Advantages -th e power to decide local managers -knowledge in detail the coordinates local-market knowledge that can be better exploited locally. Disadvantages-differences of language and culture that could balk the information flow-lack of interest in promoting regional departments of new products,made at central head.The McDonalds business is a geographical structure, divided its operation into 5 geographical division. McDonalds has over 31,000restaurants in 120 countries. squad STRUCTURE can be implemented in companies with a high degree of decentralization. Teams are so they can make a full product. In a team, each employee must be able to perform several types of operations such as assembly teammates to be able to integrate work in making a finished product. Team structure led to decentralization advanced production and management, thus increasing the flexibility to adapt and significantly reduce response time to change.Advantages workers are motivated response decision-making takes place in a quick time -level management is removed-costs are electric pig inreduced. Disadvantages conflicts between team members increased time spent in meetings -time-management issues.NETWORK STRUCTURE is based on the most advanced information technologies and the explosive development internet .Is verydecentralized structure and dynamic, able to change and adapt fast.Network structure is composite of various people or organizations, located on a large geographical area, aimed at achieving a common goal with the contribution, skills and resources. Partners in a organization have legal status and electronic connections depend on coordination of their activities.For example, MITSUBISHI group consists of several companies (28), being joined by other members holding shares through collaborative relationships and the social links .Of MITSUBISHI group, remark 3 main companies-MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRY (for production) MITSUBISHI BANK (for finance) and MITSUBISHI CORPORATION (for marketi ng).Advantages network structure-facilitate the achievement of objectives complex, impossible to achieve on their own.CONCLUSIONI managed to expose previously, multiple organizational structures, each one with similarities and differences. Indifferent of the structure underlying an organization, all structure having the common goals which are favourable business itself. Each structure in part aims to reach maximum business success through efficiency and quality of work that are performed in the organization.REFERENCECliffs Notes-Principles of Management Five Approaches to Organisational Design.McDonald steam3.blogspot.co.ukPractical management.com-Transforming Theories Into Practice.Scott Hebert (Mar.23 rd. 2009)-Introduction to Organizational Structure.Scott Hebert (Jan.30th. 2009)-Market Strategy and Organizational Structure trinity Companies.Study Notes People Management.