Disputes with Completion Dates

Disputes with Completion DatesAs menti unrivalledd in the introduction, disputes associated with ut nameost dates often pass complicated due to association with different legal concepts. To fully circumnavigate the research hooked matter, it is important to give a brief overview of such principles, as detailed further below.Most commonly the affirmers liabilitys in keep an eye on of time for completion of the whole shebang ar expressly defined OV1within the term of slim, it is yet not uncommon for the extent of such obligations to be set forth less definitively.While the time for completion go out be expressly defined as a fixed date or a fixed period and fecal matter be easily identified, it is also demand to for the contract to provide for the mechanism of establishing completion e.g. commencement date where completion is determined by a fixed period.Where the time for completion is dim to such extent that the contracting parties intentions cannot be open or are n on-existent, then the law visualizes time to be at large OV2and implies a requirement to complete the works within well-founded time.The principle of reasonable time under English Law goes back to 19th century1, where it was established that for if a delay is not attributed to causes within a political partys control, nor such party acted negligently, it depart be considered that obligations are duly fulfilled.Reasonableness cannot be effrontery a strict definition and is assessed on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration stack prevailing during the period of performance2.Some authors on the subject view that both ordinary (e.g. site access, government permits, resource availability, etc.) and pyrotechnic circumstances (e.g. strikes, client variations, etc) should be taken into consideration when establishing reasonable time3.Occasionally, approximately bespoke contracts may contain time is of the essence terms. In contractual context, it has stricter meat than its foreveryday application i.e. if something isnt done swiftly, it will be in any case lateOV4.4Inclusion of such terms in a contract significantly elevates the rights and obligations to the contract, whereby failure to meet the completion date will be hard-boiled as a fundamental breach of the contract5.While the contract may be found repudiated, the existence of a time is of the essence grooming alone may not be sufficient and qualifying rules should be applied in such circumstances6.An another(prenominal) area of significant immensity in establishing whether completion date has been adhered to, is the thinking of completion itself.Ordinary meaning of completionOV5 requires fulfilment of all obligations, which when applied in the context of entire contractsOV6, may result in harsh consequences. It is extremely rare for construction contracts to be considered in the same manner and flirts will generally take a practical view as to what constitutes completion within constru ction industry7.To ponder that position, standard construction contracts have developed various definitions for use in the industry, such as practical8 or substantial9 OV7completion, which irrespective of the words used to fall upon it, are intended to reflect the courts position as summarised by assay Newey QCOV810In my opinion there is no room for completion as distinct to practical completion. Because a building can seldom if ever be built precisely as required by drawings and specification, the contract realistically refers to practical completion and not completion but they mean the same.Eminent legal writers on this subject11 concur with this viewUsually it will mean bona fide completion free of known or patent defects so as to enable the owner to enter into occupation. The words practical or substantial in the English standard forms do no more than indicate that trivial defects not affecting beneficial occupancy will not prevent completion (the more so, of course, if the contract provides for a charge or defects liability period) 12Irrespective of exact term used, completion can be summarised as a significant gateway, which signifiesthe transfer of risk for the safekeeping of the works from the Contractor to the Employerrepossession of the site by the Employerthe start of the period during which the Contractor will be liable for defects in the worksthe end of the Contractors liability for late completionrelease of retention monies from the Employer to the Contractorthe end of Contractors obligation to insure the worksUnderstanding of the above has a clear richness in resolving any disputes arising out of delay, extension of time and other time related matters.In addition to an obligation to complete the works by a specific date or within a specific time period, most contracts make specific provision for the contractile organ to proceed with the work and make progress with due diligence. Understanding of this term may, in first instance, appear to have only a remote connection to the subject matter. However, as shown in the next chapters, it is of significant magnificence when it comes to establishing the contractors responsibility when the time of completion is set at large.The courts have held that the assessment of what constitutes diligence must be based on the surrounding circumstances of each case. For example, per Lord Justice Parker13 what is due diligence and expedition depends, of course, on the object which is sought to be achieved, who went on to explain the relation amidst diligence and specific contract object, time scales, complexities, etc.Similarly, in the erupt tribunal of Appeal case of West Faulkener Associates v capital of the United Kingdom Borough of Newham (1994)14 the court found that literal interpretation, commercial logic and common sense required the contractor to proceed both regularly and diligently.15In the absence of an hardcore due diligence obligation within a contract, some author s consider that common law implies such a term on the chiliad of business efficOV9acy16.1 Lord Watson in Hick v Raymond and Reid 1893 AC 222 British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co. Ltd 1984 1 All ER3 I.N.nDuncan- Wallace in Hudsons Bilding and Engineering Contracts, 11th Edn., 1995, Sweet maxwell Ltd, p.1194 Oxford Dictionary of English 2nd edn., 2008, Oxford University Press5 Carr v J.A. Berriman Pty. Ltd. 1953 ALJ 273 High Court of Australia6 United Scientific Holdings Ltd. v Burnley Council 1977 2 WLR 8067 E.g. Emson Eastern Ltd v EME Developments Ltd 1991 55BLR 1148 JCT9 sparkler10 Emson Eastern Ltd v EME Developments Ltd 1991 55BLR 11411 For example B. Eggleston in Liquidated Damages and Extensions of Time, 3rd edition, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, and I.N. Duncan-Wallace in Hudsons edifice and Engineering Contracts, 11th edn., 1995, Sweet Maxwell Ltd.12 I.N. Duncan-Wallace in Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts, 11th edn., 1995, Sweet Maxwell Lt d. p110913 Greater London Council v The Cleveland Bridge Engineering Co. Ltd 1986 34 BLR 5014 West Faulkener Associates v London Borough of Newham 1994 71 BLR 115 B. Eggleston in Liquidated Damages and Extensions of Time, 3rd edition, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, p 2416 I.N. Duncan-Wallace in Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts, 11th edn., 1995, Sweet Maxwell Ltd., p1125OV1Insert ref. to one of the standard contractsOV2Insert ref.OV3Could expand slightly to beef upOV4Check later ed. Of the dictionary. alike check single or double parentheses throughoutOV5Insert refOV6Ref.OV7Full ref.OV8Pp berthOV9Link to the next chapter?

Cultural Impacts on Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

Cultural Impacts on consume Dis regularizes Anorexia Nervosa (AN)Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eat disorder most commonly affecting adolescent women (Russell 1970, 132). The symptomatic criteria for anorexia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of the American psychiatric Association 4th ed (DSM-IV) as excessive dieting or exercise leading to extreme weight loss, a refusal to gain weight, furbelow in automobile trunk shape perception and amenorrhea (American psychiatric Association, 1994). It has been suggested that the psychopathologies layabout AN arise from deep down a ethnical framework, namely the westward socialisation (Bordo 1993, 141-145). The westerly high-mindeds of cup of tea and portrayal of a slim dust theatrical role in relation to attractiveness and healthiness catch perpetuated a ending of meagreness and fat-phobia, from which AN manifests from extreme measures taken to achieve these conceptions (Bordo 1993, 146-149). Furthermore, in recen t eld AN has become a trans ethnic disorder, affecting non- westerly finiss influenced by horse opera flori finis such as the Chinese, Fijians and African Americans. Mass media has enabled widespread access to Western civilisation, upshoting in a global grow phenomenon that has increased the incidence of eat disorders such as AN human racewide (Simpson, 2002, 66-67). In auxiliary, cultural assimilation as sanitary as cultural clash in those who must balance their tralatitious culture with the modern Western culture has been shown to contri neverthelesse to a predisposition towards AN, as a result of self-conflicts and unstable self-identity (Shuriquie, 1999, 355). Finally, some confirm advocated for a more culturally sensitive definition of AN, which presently is aspect to be Western-centric in its definition. Prop hotshotnts advocate the consideration of individual sociocultural factors, nonably unrelated to the culture of thinness, contributing to the developmen t of AN in spite of appearance the context of topical anaesthetic biologies (Simpson, 2002, 68-69). Thus AN must be analyzed from inwardly a transcultural framework, one which encompasses the influences of the Western culture on perceptions of the proboscis as well as considers the specific cultural context, which sheds light on causes of AN.Anorexia is considered a Western culture-bound phenomenon as a result of the current socio policy-making demands placed upon women in regards to the ideals of beauty, body shapes, and feminism (Derenne and Beresin 2006, 257). The term culture-bound denotes a restriction of a phenomenon within a special(a) cultural radical due to specific social, political, culture and psychological factors from within that culture (Prince 1985, 197-198). As most American women atomic number 18 preoccupy with their weight, AN could simply be an extreme manifestation of the nation-wide absorption with weight and body image (Lake 1999, 83-84). Historically, the concept of the ideal female body was fluid, changing with the political and economic climate, which affected cultural values and and then attitudes toward female bodies. During the colonial era, strong, fertile, able-bodied women were favoured, as they would be capable of assisting with chores as well as bearing mevery children to increase family size. Times changed in the 19th hundred with the introduction of a more comfortable lifestyle, when the waifish look became popular and women sported in short hair, pants and a slender, androgynous look that symbolized feminism and liberation. Since then, thither has been a cultural trend towards thinness, with famous models such as Twiggy change state household idols, culminating in todays nation-wide obsession with weight-watching, calorie-counting and dieting (Derenne and Beresin 2006, 258-259). It is the business deal media portrayal of the ideal thin female body as attractive, desirable and healthy that has bring forward per petuated the culture of thinness, targeting particularly vulnerable women boyish adolescents and teenage girls. Coincidentally, pre-teens, teenagers and adolescent females view as the highest incidence of AN (Borzekowski 2005, 289). Recently, the incidence of AN has increased in pre-teen and teenage girls, as they are often the main target audience for a variety of media, which relegate unrealistic expectations of their body shapes (Borzekowski 2005, 290-291). Fashion magazines often depict thin women as desirable and healthy, television ads promote the latest technological invention that helps a woman lose weight and the Internet sallys countless websites with tips on have healthy, keeping off the fat, appetite suppressants and 0 calorie dietary supplements. oddly notable are the pro-anorexia websites that proclaim AN to be a lifestyle choice, offer advice on weight management, effective dieting strategies and community support boost AN (Derenne and Beresin 2006, 258-259) . This bombardment of social and cultural expectations to be thin in order to be attractive has predominated Western culture since the 19th century and has not only grown, but crossed cultural boundaries through communication via mass media to affect other cultural groups (Shuriquie 1999, 356-357). Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the psychiatric problems rear end AN may be described as a set of particular symptoms that arise from within a cultural framework the Western culture of thinness.The origin of AN may have arisen from Western cultural values, but there have been an increasing number of reports of eating disorders such as AN in non-Western populations, challenging the notion that AN is a Western culture-bound syndrome. This trend is attributed to the motion picture of non-Western cultures to Western culture via mass media. One study has shown that Hispanic and South African girls exhibit AN, influenced by their exposure to Western media, suggesting that AN transcend s cultural and socioeconomic boundaries (Nasser 1994, 26-27). It was antecedently believed that the mentioned group of people were protected from modern Western influences, due to their traditions of embracing larger, fertile women. Yet, a study conducted by Becker (Becker 2002, 509) found that the women of a group of islanders hailing from the South Pacific Ocean, the Fijians, have been heavily influenced by the Western culture of thinness. There were no reports of eating disorders in the Fijian population until 1995, when an supranational television station was broadcasted for the first time, depicting Western media. Three days later, reports of dissatisifation with body image, attempts to control weight such as dieting and self-induced emetic were heard, suggesting that these Fijian women were significantly affected by the Western cultural ideals of the complete(a) body and perhaps could not distinguish between the idealism and concepts of ideal that television presented a nd reality. Despite a tradition of favourably viewing full-bodied women (Becker 1995, 27-29), a few years of exposure to Western cultural and perceptions of beauty have negatively strikeed the Fijians. Anthropologists have studied the reasons behind the life-threatening influence of Western culture and have suggested that less developed, non-Western populations such as the Fijians regard the values portrayed by Western culture as symbols of socioeconomic progression, high social status and social acceptance (Shuriquie 1999, 358-360) and thus strive to emulate and assimilate Western culture values within their local cultures. Streigel-Moore points out that even African American groups within the unify States have shown increasing incidence of AN, stemming from a desire to participate in the white world (Striegel-Moore 2003, 1326-1328). Similarly, a study conducted by Nasser on the preponderance of AN in teenage Egyptian girls in Cairo indicated that traditional Egyptian values of larger, fertile women have not conferred protective effects from the assimilation of Western conceptions of the ideal body type via mass media in young Egyptian women (Nasser 1994, 28-30). These findings highlight a phenomenon known as global culture, where the world is connected via media, allowing cultural values to be readily accessible by other cultures across the globe (Banks 1992, 867). In this instance, global culture has extendd to the come up incidences of eating disorders such as AN, which has ultimately become a transcultural disorder that is not limited by cultural boundaries.In addition to the global cultural phenomenon, some have argued that those immigrating to the West from non-Western cultures experience cultural clash, leading to greater risk of psychiatric disorders such as AN (Lee 1996, 21-23). Studies have indicated that those who are assimilated into Western culture are less impacted by media-driven concepts such as dieting and maintaining a slender frame th an those who contract to maintain their own cultural values while living in a Western culture. Culture clash occurs when an individual adopts two cultural systems, which are often in conflict. Mumford and Whitehouse have shown that Asian girls in the join Kingdom that have not acculturated struggle to balance their beliefs and attitudes at home, where their traditional culture dominantes, and at school, where there is pressure to conform to the averages of the Western culture (Mumford and Whitehouse 1991, 222-225). Unfortunately, the unrealistic expectations of body shape is often taken as the norm in individuals affected by this cultural clash, leading to increased photo to the negative influences of Western culture on body image and after increased susceptibility to AN. These findings interestingly point to the influence of a non-Western culture within the context of Western culture not as protective, but exacerbative of eating disorders.Although the phenomena of global culture and culture clash demonstrate the extensiveness and impact of Western cultural values on the rest of the world, it has been argued that attributing the cause and symptoms of AN but to the sociocultural influence of the West may be inaccurate. The culture of thinness may be pervasive, but it is not the sole explanation for AN. Simpson claims that the accustomed biomedical definition of anorexia as a psychiatric disorder characterized by fat phobia and a distorted perspective on body image is itself a cultural construction within the confines of the Western culture (Simpson 2002, 66-70). This suggests a need to adopt a culturally-sensitive definition of AN, one which stems from within the context of local biologies rather a universal framework. Fat-phobia is currently the defining characteristic in AN, but there have been accounts of those with an eating disorder very similar to AN, except for the obvious lack of fat-phobia. Simpson presents reports of Chinese women suffering from A N who do not report fat-phobia. Rather, they attribute chronic epigastric bloating and a loss of appetite to their disinclination to eat (Simpson 2002, 68). In another(prenominal) case, a woman refuses to eat after being separated from her boyfriend, citing group AB discomforts and a disinterest in nutrition (Simpson 2002, 68). These psychosomatic symptoms are a result of somatization (Kleinman 1989, 57), where the illness symptoms of AN manifests from social problems, rather than any dissatisfaction of body shape. neurotic symptoms are commonly reported in the Chinese population and contribute to the etiology of AN, although they are not included in the DSM-IV criteria. Furthermore, some women from unprogressive unearthly fundamentalist backgrounds have been cited to abstain from food, as a result of their beliefs about food, the body, femininity and spirituality (Simpson 2002, 68). Similarly, Mogul discusses a case where an anorexic patient refused food and fasted to the poi nt of emaciation due to a religious belief that attainment of the highest spirituality and freedom from materialism came with a rejection of the temptations of food (Mogul 1980, 51). Thus, explaining AN within a Western cultural framework establishes a limited perspective of the disorder that does not take into account the personal, sociocultural factors within local biologies that contribute to various forms of AN.Ultimately, AN is not a universal disorder, but a transcultural disorder. AN should not be viewed within the confines of any one culture, but rather understood to be a cross-cultural phenomenon. Essentially, AN is a psychiatric disorder with multi-factorial causes, requiring the incorporation of the Western cultural preoccupation with fat-phobia and unrealistic body shape expectations and the cross-cultural psychological and sociocultural reasons within local biologies to arrive at a holistic and culture-sensitive definition.ReferencesRussell, Gerald F. M. 1970. Anorexia nervosa Its identity as an illness and its treatment. In Modern Trends in Psychological Medicine. Butterworths London.American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC AMA.Bordo, S. 1993. Unbearable tilt Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. University of California Press.Simpson, K. J. 2002. Anorexia nervosa and culture. ledger of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 9, 65-71.Shuriquie, N. 1999. have disorders a transcultural perspective. Eastern Mediterranean Health ledger. 5(2)354-360.Derenne, J. L. and Beresin, E. V. 2006. Body Image, Media, and alimentation Disorders. Academic Psychiatry. 30257-261.Prince, R. 1985. The concept of culture-bound syndromes anorexia and brainfag. favorable scholarship and Medicine. 21197-203.Lake, A. J., Staiger, P. K. Glowinksi, H. 1999. resultant role of Western Culture on Womens Attitudes to Eating and Perceptions of Body Shape. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 278 3-89.Borzekowski, D. L., Bayer, A. M. 2005. Body image and media use among adolescents. Adolescent Medicine. 16289-313.Nasser, M. 1994. Screening for abnormal eating attitudes in a population of Egyptian secondary-school girls.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2925-30.Becker, A. E., Burwell, R. A., Gilman, S. E. et al. 2002. Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls. British Journal of Psychiatry. clxxx509-514.Becker, A. 1995. Body Imagery, ideals and Cultivation Discourses on Alienation and Integration. In Body ego and Society The View from Fiji. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.Striegel-Moore, R. H. 2003. Eating Disorders in White and cruddy Women. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1601326-1331.Banks, C. G. 1992. Culture in Culture-Bound Syndromes The Case of Anorexia Nervosa. Social Science and Medicine. 34(8)867-884.Lee, S. 1996. Reconsidering the status of anorexia nervosa as a We stern culture-bound syndrome. Social Science and Medicine. 4221-34.Mumford, D. B., Whitehouse, A. M. 1991. Sociocultural correlates of eating disorders among Asian school girls in Bradford.British Journal of Psychiatry. 158222-228.Kleinman, A. 1989. The Illness Narratives Suffering, Healing, And The Human Condition. Basic Books.Mogul, S. L. 1980. Asceticism in adolescence and anorexia nervosa. Psychoanalytical Studies on Children. 35155-175.

The disadvantages of homeschooling

The disadvantages of fundamentschoolingAbstractThis written report attempts to return a perspective on the disadvantages of homeschooling. Homeschooling has fix a moot bring on in recent years. Homeschooling opponents opine that it is non an alternative passageway for culture alongside the standard public educational system because at that place argon still legion(predicate) f equitys existing in this system. Homeschooling is non an efficacious mount to provide children with education due to scarcities of qualified pedagogs, homeschooled children unable to well-develop their complaisant intent as well as pargonnts possess to invest monumental time and dedication. P atomic number 18nts act as arbitrator in their childrens education. They hope that by means of homeschooling they usher out convey the message they want to for their children. In reality, homeschooling is non as easy as they think. It takes decades to judge the success of their filling. Therefore, h omeschooling is a high luck venture. Many disadvantages argon worth searching for. 1.0 IntroductionHomeschooling run throughd a renaissance during 1970s and 80s when a few p atomic number 18nts researched whether existing occult schools or public educational system were a right choice for their children. They wondered if they might be capable to do better than the existing system. P atomic number 18nts realized that they could do better job. Consequently, they told their friends near the benefit of homeschooling and their friends spread the news gradually. As a result, this was the first step to the proliferation of homeschooling. However, the baby steps of homeschooling were rocky. In the early stages, homeschooling was tabu by legislators. Many homeschooling pargonnts were taken to court. They administrationd risks of being arrested and their children might be removed from their home. Nonetheless, there were p atomic number 18nts who insisted to homeschool their children. T hey struggled with the court battles. In the past, very few course of study suppliers sold the materials and resources required to homeschoolers. The only way to continue their fight was to artifice their profess curricula and do some(prenominal)(prenominal) than research. They continued t to each oneing quietly and let their childrens achievements prove the critics incorrect (youcanhomeschool.org, 2010). check to Ray (2002), there argon approximately 1.6-2.0 million children being taught under homeschooling by their p atomic number 18nts. Homeschooled families grow at estimated wander of 7-15 percent per year. consort to the statistics of HSLDA (2010), the main reason parents call for homeschooling is religious conviction, which is to the highest degree 49% 15% agree that homeschooling can provide a haughty well-disposed environment 14% are for academic excellence 12% choose homeschooling because of their childrens specific postulate and 5% are for flexibility and syllabus choice. yet though proponents of homeschooling claim that there are legion(predicate) benefits, the question still exists do you agree that homeschooling is disadvantageous?Homeschooling is not an effective approach to provide children with education because homeschooling lacks qualified educators parents are required to invest simple centers of time as well as dedication and homeschooled children depart face cordial difficulties in their future.This report is primarily focused on the disadvantages of homeschooling. The reasons why homeschooling is not a right choice are listed in this report. The statistics and selective information are mainly come from United State. The comments of organization and personalized views are be sick into the report to show the reality of homeschooling.Body Content2.0 Homeschooling lacks qualified educatorsAccording to Koonar (2006), many statistics affirm shown that many homeschooling endeavors failed to achieve the target and object ive due to the scarcity of qualified educators. Parents choose homeschooling instead of public education because they moot that teachers have to teach 15 to 35 students in a class, hence, they cannot take over one-on-one attention to each child. In fact, certifiable educators have accompanied relative teaching classes and they have passed the state examination in ramble to obtain their teaching certificates. They are more have sexd and have a deeper understanding of the children. They possess systematic teaching skills to convey the concept and acquaintance to the children. Certified educators can fulfill the various learning requirement of each children and they can comprehend how to handle children with diverse behaviors. In contrast, parents who lack instructional skills are unable to express well what they want to give to their children. If an educator cannot express her ideas to words, how can the learner absorb the essence of teaching? Children leave lose interest in l earning. Parents who simply put their children in a room with lots of books will definitely result in the loser of homeschooling. As a result, parents will gradually lose confidence towards homeschooling. They rule guilty if their children cannot achieve the academic target they set up. It is crucial to table service children build up interest and curiosity in learning. Standard course of instruction can help children to develop this interest.2.1 People do not have faith in homeschoolingAccording to Allison (n.d.), a number of people do not believe in home schoolings academic quality because it does not honour the standard program. The standard curriculum focuses on an omnibus of personal training. They are being taught discipline, communication and time management since young. Whole aspects including irresponsible characteristic build-ups are covered. Children can follow the pace of their peers and they do not isolate from them. In contrary, homeschooling children set their own pace and they are more likely to concentrate only on specific areas that they are enkindle in. Unlike the standard curriculum, homeschooling is unable to provide comprehensive development. Also, positive determine are not instilled in the core of their hearts since they are young. Hence, home schoolings academic is not comparable to standard curriculum. Some home schooled children are required to take additional tests to ensure that they are academically sterilize to enroll in college or university. People are still in doubt regarding home schoolings academic quality because the curriculum is not certified by authorities.Homeschooling advocates claim that they can prepare the course that is suitable for their children. Parents are given the absolute authority to guide their childrens education, ranging from schedules, curriculum and also the development that they want to pass on to their children. However, parents are not capable of delivering the noesis effectively. Accord ing to HomeSchoolingExplained (n.d.), parents need to do more research to teach more effectively. More research is able to expose parents to the proper methods of teaching their children better. According to Williams (2007), at the beginning of homeschooling education, parents do not encounter difficulties in teaching. Conversely, as children get older, preparations get harder. The task is easier when children are young. They need to do more researches in order to teach lessons. Such a situation causes the parents somatogenic and emotional burdens. Parents will quality more stress in preparing lessons.3.0 friendly problems among homeschooled childrenHomeschooled children do not posses well-developed cordial skills as they are not open to different types of people. According to HomeSchoolingExplained (n.d.), they would not have the same social life with children who went to school. Children who are under the standard curriculum are provided with the benefit of socialization. The y are exposed to a wide range of perspectives and ideas because their classmates come from different downplay and personal beliefs. This can provide inspiration to them so that they are touch on to think and criticize positively. Homeschooling noticeably decreases the chance for children to communicate with former(a) children in a learning atmosphere. Even though home schooled children have siblings to move with, this situation is still not enough to fully develop their social skills. According to Hegarty (n.d.), home schooled children are not comfortable when people are around them, excluding their family members. They will not hang out with others because they lack fundamental action skills. Besides that, according to Williams (2007), although home schooled children have friends, they are not as bonded because they seldom meet and mix together. They are lonely as they are confined in their homes and they cannot share their happiness and sadness with their friends. Homeschooled children face many social problems they cannot interact with different groups of people properly and this will noxiously affect their future life.3.1 Freedom of children are abstainedAccording to Allison (n.d.), homeschooled children would not delight in their childhood because their freedom is constrained by their parents. There are many other things they have to learn through experience and it cannot be taught through educational settings. For example, by exploring nature, children are able to understand more about the relationship between living and non-living organisms. Even if homeschooled children have the opportunity to sleep with the outdoorsys, their time is limited and it is dependent upon their parents. In contrast, children who search school are more likely to come into contact with many new things this is burning(prenominal) to sate their curiosity and stimulate their mind. All knowledge and discovery must(prenominal)iness only be done through personal experien ce.Some homeschooled parents contend that their children will not face the sociability dilemma. However, for those who are home amend for long periods of time and eventually made a decision to attend school are found to be lacking in social skills. According to Allison (n.d.), as they are exposed to social environments such as working or entering a college/ university, they experience physiological problems that mainly result from communication. They are cooped up at home and seldom interact with others once they are around people, they will feel scared and uncomfortable as they do not know how to handle the situation. They are constrained to adapt to a new social environment that they never experience before. It is difficult for them to manage the circumstance that they have never encountered before. So physiological problems will arise and lead to a lot of troubles.4.0 Time commitment and dedicationAccording to Koonar (2006), homeschooling is a procedure that entails a massive amount of dedication and time. Homeschooled children require parental supervision in order to be diligent them towards academic excellence. Hence, parents need to spend a large part of the twenty-four hours with their children. The key success in the home schooling process is immutable parental control. Kids are kids they cannot do by themselves in their studies without parental supervision. Parents have to keep astride with their children. Moreover, according to AllAboutParenting.org (n.d.), parents require time to channelise outdoor activities and field trips, prepare and instruct lessons, and seize the chance for their children to nurture their social skills. Homeschooled communities often schedule weekly or monthly gatherings with each other for that purpose. Parents have to manage their time well and be diligent and active in such communicative activities. Hence, parents will not have much time left for doing other things. Furthermore, parents have to discover and develop their own hobbies and interest. These activities are not easy tasks. Unlike trained educators, they have experience assisting children in finding out their interests. Since most of the time is used for homeschooling, parents do not have the luxury to relax and enjoy. They suffocate because of homeschooling.4.1 Additional fiscal burdenEither one of the parents is forced to give up his/her regular job for homeschooling. There are additional costs for purchasing the curriculum needed. This includes the cost of materials for projects, field trips, computer softwares and other resources. Each child needs approximately $400 each month to sustain his/her study. For those families that rely on two earnings, this can be a serious disadvantage. This may put stress on parents who are both breadwinners of the family. Homeschooled communities cooperate together to organize activities such as Scouts, learn side-by-side, sport teams, 4-H clubs and dance classes so that children can socialize with other children. However, these are costly, so they are additional fiscal burdens for the family.Homeschooling supporters opine that the home educated children have close-knit family relationship as children spend most of the time with their family. However, the fact is there are impinge between parents and children due to their different personalities and opinion. According to AllAboutParenting.org (n.d.), homeschooled children may have the proneness to attend school. They wonder what they are missing out compared with their peers. Their desires will become more intense when parents are not active in involving their children in outdoor activities. At this time, parents who are committed in homeschooling programs will feel challenged. Children will fall out with their parents as they have different tear down of view. Furthermore, children clash with their parents because they have different personalities. According to Williams (2007), parents and children have different personali ties, wind to squabbles. Children require doing their matters in their own way. They do not want to follow the words of the parents and parents will feel disappointed.5.0 RecommendationWhen people approach this issue, they must examine and investigate both sides. Homeschooling has both its pros and cons. Therefore, it should be addressed in the best possible manner. These scope of these recommendations are confined to Malaysia to handle the issue of homeschooling within the currently population residing hereFirstly, to tackle the problem of parents thinking they are able to educate their children better, higher(prenominal) authorities should ban homeschooling by further enforcing the law. Children by the age of 7 onwards must be made compulsory to attend schools no matter it be private or national. Parents who do not adhere to this will be convicted and be brought to court to have this matter settled. Mandatory fines should also be issued should this law be opposed.In addition to the law, schools should increase the number of qualified teachers. bringing up programs and workshops can be inducted and reinforced to conform to the needs and requirements of current students, and and so should be made compulsory to be attended by teachers. excursion from that, the curriculum of schools should be improved upon to keep up with the pace of education in the world. Syllabus of subjects being taught must be constantly updated in regards to the amount of new knowledge being churned out every integrity day.Homeschooling can be banned if the ways suggested as above are strictly operated.6.0 ConclusionHomeschooling is not an ideal choice to educate children. Even though it provides alternative option to the standard educational method, this system is not complete and poses a lot of imperfections.Parents are not well-trained educator so they are unable express well what they want to give to their children. receivable to this fact, people do not have faith in homeschool ing because it cannot provide comprehensive development to their children. Homeschooled children do not interact with a wide range of people. If a child is deficient in social experiences, they will definitely encounter dilemmas once they continue studying in higher education institution or strive for their career. Their social circle is base and they will face psychology problems as they interact with people. Their freedoms are abstained as well. Furthermore, parents have to invest great amount of time to supervise their childrens education. Parents who are both breadwinner are forced to give up his/her career in order to tutor their children. As a result, the family will face monetary difficulty.Parents have difficulty predicting what the result of homeschooling will be. It takes decades to judge the success of their choice. If their choice is a mistake, they cannot return back and start all over again. The consequences are dire it will affect the childrens growth and future. Pa rents must take responsibilities and are blamed by their children. Their childrens future is in the hands of their parents. As arbitrators, parents should choose the safest option that is the traditional educational system instead of homeschooling. In a nutshell, homeschooling is not suitable for children.BibliographyAll About Parenting.org (n.d.), Disadvantages of Homeschooling, allaboutparenting, viewed on 10 February 2010,Allison, L. (n.d), Homeschooling Advantages and Disadvantages, Ezine Articles, viewed on 7 February 2010,Hegarty, P. (n.d.), Schooling Pros and Cons -Learn about Pros and Cons, Ezine Articles, viewed on 7 February 2010, http//ezinearticles.com/?Homeschooling-Pros-and-ConsLearn-About-the-Pros-and-Consid=3587899Homeschooling Explained (n.d.), Disadvantages of homeschooling you must consider, Homeschooling Explained, viewed on 7 February 2010,Koonar, K. (n.d.), Disadvantages of Home Schooling, Articlebase, viewed on 2 February 2010,Williams, H. (2007), Home School ing, Green harbour Press, Farmington Hill.You can homeschool.org, (2010), Introduction, Youcanhomeschool, viewed on 10 February 2010,

Fight Club Analysis

Fight Club AnalysisThesis Statement An analysis of the word picture Fight Club reveals the ambiguity of its themes about novel life, masculinity and nihilistic delusion.equivocalness and Hope in David Finchers Fight ClubA decade later its release, David Finchers religious cult classic Fight Club still invites strong reciprocation among critics, moviegoers and cultural pundits. Released in 1999, the film chronicles the story of Edward Nortons insomniac white lift up worker as he gets drawn to the ultra-violence, uber-masculinity and outright nihilistic delusion promoted and dear by Tyler Durden, played with iconic swagger by Brad Pitt. hardly a(prenominal) recent films have elicited as overmuch strongly opposing opinions as Fight Club has, with various camps proclaiming it as a post- late masterpiece that documents the brutal emasculation of the serviceman male by a modern consumerist culture and the ways a man can fight back. Others destine it is a faux-intellectual and hyp ocritical attempt by the Hollywood machinery to appeal to mens baser impulses art object tacking on a moralist lesson at the end.Make no mistake, Fight Club attempts to raise a mirror at societys baptistry and invites careful reading material. It is above all, a message film. One that aims to say something as much as it wants to entertain. From this vantage point, it can be argued that the film does non fall easily within either the interpretations menti whizzd above. Fortunately and frustratingly the film is an indeterminate exercise. It offers very few clean thematic elements from which an easily digestible interpretation can be gleamed from.What of its message then, and does its ambiguity undermine or show this message?The films vote counter is a absolutely-eyed cog at a impasse job for a car manufacturer. He lives in a condominium spare of personality and filled with IKEA furniture. He is empty of feeling, seemingly overwhelmed by the demands of an outside world to buy more than, consume more in rewrite to be more. It is therefore no surprise that hes also an insomniac. To cure this, he goes to nightly meetings of various support groups for serious ailments. For a while this seems to work, as he himself notes, Every evening I died, and every evening I was born a cod, resurrected. These early scenes clearly illustrate a man upset in the wilderness of modern society, one who has to co-opt other peoples substantial pain so he can feel something for himself. Without pain, he is dead with it he feels alive.His attempts at relative normalcy are disrupted by two major events. The first one involves meeting Marla Singer, another good example at group meetings who becomes the only major female presence in the film. The second event is the first halfs most important one the vote counter meets the brash soap maker Tyler Durden. They strike an uneasy friendship and chore relationship making soaps and living together in Durdens dilapidated busines s firm at the outskirts of town.For the rest of the first half, the film focuses on the establishment of the tokenish fight club one that sprang from a drunken brawl where Durden asks the narrator to hit him. Pretty soon, underground fight clubs are established all over the country, filled with lost men who voluntarily subjected themselves to fighting and physiologic harm. With Tyler as their leader, and the narrator as the second-in-command, these men and saw the possibility of acquire their masculinity taken away from them by their nine-to-five jobs, family responsibilities and societal pressures to be successful. move up against modern societys emasculation, the film seems to say.It is with the events of the second half that things get even more manic, as Durden orders a series of attacks against corporate America via his Project Mayhem, kickoff with relatively harmless pranks and culminating in a full-blown act of terrorist act which involves blowing up the citys credit b anks. The narrator watches in horror as other than reasonable men are converted into a mindless cult bent on following Durdens every proclamation. He is the audiences surrogate at this point, one that recognizes that the events in his life are getting out of hand, and knows he must stop it if he is to salvage whats left of it.On the airfoil level, the film is an entertaining, often humorous and violent depiction of masculinity. It employs voiceover narration, flashy camerawork, energetic editing and sharp dialog to create a fast-paced, edge-of-your-seat experience that shows a mans increasingly dark journey to escape his humdrum and meaningless human existences only to be caught up with the schemes of a dangerous, messianic terrorist. The story is gripping, the images stylized, and the counselor-at-law superb. Because of these factors, the movie largely succeeds as a popcorn movie.It is with its deeper themes, and the decisions the movie makes to advert to these themes, that t he ambiguity is most apparent. The film wears its nihilism proudly, and yet it also shows that nihilism has to have its limits. That the fun has consequences. The film explicitly shows an innocent man being killed as a direct result of Project Mayhems actions. That is as much a condemnation of the characters and the audiences who might have rooted for them.It also suggests that modern life, and by extension the modern man, is less and less alive and an psyche and more of a long-running commercial for goods that have led us, in the rowing of Tyler Durden, chasing cars and clothes, working jobs we hate so we can buy shit we dont need. simply Fight Club is itself, a product. One thats marketed, distributed and obviously created to sell and gain profits. At worst, this suggests a highly hypocritical intention on the filmmakers part. At best, though, it can be seen as a dangerous risk for its makers to fleck the hand that feeds it.No discussion about Fight Club is deal without menti oning its famous twist. By showing the narrator and Tyler Durden as two sides of one broken individual, the film makes a powerful statement about identity element and how it can be destroyed by modern life. The films final beam of light shows the narrator resurrected as one man, holding Marla Singers hand. A woman who, via his Tyler Durden persona, he almost attempted to destroy. This seems to be films true and final point, that the cost of nihilism as a means to rebel against modern societys excesses does not have-to doe with the hope that can be found in real human relationships.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Treatment Strategies

Anti cordial record Disorder (ASPD) sermon Strategies1. discourse OF ASPD BY PHARMACOLOGICAL MEANS preaching of unsociable nature rowdyism by pharmacological means is nonoriously difficult, mainly beca expend of the paradoxs with non-compliance due to the placement rears of the medication at doses high enough to produce a remediation response. A recent paper by Walker has claimed salient(ip) aftermaths from Quetiapine which trim down symptoms of irrit aptitude, impulsivity, and aggressiveness together with improvements in hostility and rage chemical reactions with borderline side effects and at that placefore good levels of compliance. We should note however, that this understand was in pornographics and there is little data on the effectiveness of this regime in children. (Walker C et al. 2003)A brief overview of the literature on the subject shows that there is huge controversy surrounding the argonas of goodyment ( both(prenominal) psych early(a)apeutic and phar macological) of the psychopathic and unsociable temper illnesss in general. They range from around (usu eithery the older texts) which suggest that the linguistic context is for the most(prenominal) spot untreatable (viz. Cleckley, H. 1964) to others which offer varying full stops of evidence of success. Critical analysis would befool to conclude however, that the different methods of manipulation that become been tried drive enormously suffered from a lose of controlled fol natural depression-up research and that comparison of trials is rendered difficult because of the deficiency of consistency in both the definition and the diagnosis of the put out. (Martens W H J 2000) in that respect does appear to be a general adoption in the literature that the core antisocial doingss associated with the antisocial character illness are difficult to manage (Myers W C et al. 2006) and that the bulk of pharmacological sermon is aimed at the control of the associated deportments. The main clinical dilemma which faces health care professionals is whether it is better to target the untreatable aspects of the condition, on the grounds that they are what usu in ally ca utilize to affected role to come into contact with the healthcare professionals in the first instance, or to treat the associated symptoms which whitethorn be much responsive to pharmacological intervention. (Hodgins S et al. 2007)With these caveats in place, if adept focuses on the treatment options most popularly employed in antisocial personality ailment, thence one do-nothing observe that the options clear be bigheartedly categorised as the neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, lithium, antidepressant drugs, psychostimulants and benzodiazepines.It should be noted that m all a(prenominal) of these medication categories go away typically take a substantial duration to exert optimal effect and compliance is frequently a problem rendering treatment judicial decision difficult .The treatment options will be considered by categoryNeurolepticsThis group typically cause a tranquillising effect of sick of(p) and aberrant demeanor patterns. Anger, hostility and tension levels can be landd by low dose regimes and this drug group and are as well as helpful in dealing with specific psychotic episodes, but in typically high doses. (Black, D. A. 2002)AnticonvulsantsThis category of medication is thought to ready a bite of actions on many of the neuropsychiatric syndromes, as well as the conductal distracts, in appendix to their direct anticonvuslant activity. (Hudziak J J et al. 2006)Carbamazepine has been plant to be helpful in situations of angry outbursts, self-mutilation and violence. It is postu recentd that it whitethorn work in this respect through its activity in the limbic system. There is besides electroencephalogram evidence of reduced abnormal activity in the EEG traces of the most explosively violent patients with antisocial personality disquiet. (Cowdry, R et al. 1998) lithiumLithium has in like manner been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of unrestrainedly volatile deportment patterns. It does have the drawback of producing clinical sedation at the higher ends of the healing(p) spectrum and may as well be associated with both tremor and lack of coordination. aeonian supervision is therefore essential and this may be difficult in an uncooperative patient. (Paris J 2005)AntidepressantsThe antisocial personality swage patient will often demonstrate mood disturbances which may be helped by the antidepressants. Children are not good candidates for some antidepressants, for example the MAOIs utilize in grown patients are not distract in the younger age group. imipramine has been ground useful in children who have panic attacks, mood swings and dysthymia and also in some obsessive children. The antidepressants tend to be used in clinical cases where lithium has failed. (Gunderson J G et al. 2006)Benzo diazepinesThese are perchance the most effective in the anxiety states and in cases of insomnia. Because of their fast approach of action, the Benzodiazepine group are useful in the acute behavioural disturbance, peculiar(prenominal)ly in aggression. Some studies have highlighted the downside of benzodiazepine treatment. This embroils not only the problems of habituation, but also the possibility of dysinhibitory effects in certain patients. Alprazolam is arguably one of the most effective agents in this curative area but its use is complicated by cases of serious dyscontrol. In some studies, episodes of drug overdoses and severe self-mutilation required the immediate withdrawal of the medication. (Frank E et al. 2002)PsychostimulantsThese are particularly useful in the younger patient where they are known to reduce symptoms of dysphoria and anxiety. There have been a number of well conducted trials in this area. Medications such as amphetamine and methylphenidate have prove d useful in reducing behavioural disturbances children, particularly when there is an overlap among antisocial personality complaint and attention shortage syndrome. (Turgay A et al. 2002)Some studies in this area have demonstrated good responses to both the tricyclic antidepressant group and the SSRI group, with fluoxitine appearing to be particularly favourable. The ruff studies however, do not claim a good response rate of higher than 27% in subjects with antisocial personality disorder. One should note also that some studies also record an apparent clinical worsening of their condition, with amitriptyline and haloperidol producing increased levels of both agression and hostility in some patients who did not exhibit these symptoms before treatment. The causal linkage was given unless assent when it was found that these symptoms increased with longer duration of treatment and increased superman of medication. (Tyrer P et al. 2004)In conclusion, one can ponder the writing of Tyrer and Bateman who have written extensively on the subject of pharmacology of the personality disorders. When considering an appropriate drug choice for antisocial personality disorders and others, they note that any genuine neurobiochemical disorder may actually not be central to the condition, and may even be part of the peripheral syndrome (drug clapperclaw etc,). to cite TyrerThe best that pharmacology and physiology can offer is the justification for trying drug treatment it cannot predict its efficacy.This argument can be followed in greater point in time in the earlier writings of CloningerEven when a dimension is concur (e.g. emotional unbalance as a core feature of borderline personality disorder) its definition may vary. Some see affective instability in terms of reward addiction, whereas others consider it as disinhibition. Which view is interpreted is of considerable importance when considering drug treatment. The author sees novelty-seeking as existence reso lute through genetic predisposition via the dopamine system, whereas many others consider affective disinhibition to be related to the serotonergic system. When no biological marker is linked distinctly to diagnosis answers can only be speculative. (Cloninger, C. R et al. 1993)2. TREATMENT BY CONVENTIONAL MEANS word by conventional means could be taken to include sundry(a) psychotherapeutic approaches. A landmark study by Chiesa and Fonagy compared the results of a one-stage treatment baby-sit (in-patient treatment with no later care) with a two-stage model (shorter in-patient admission followed by outreach therapy) in a large cohort of patients with antisocial personality disorder (and other psychopathies). The paper is both long and complex, but, in essence, those patients treated in the two stage model did significantly better in both global assessments of affable health as well as assessments of social adjustment.Many papers discover to treatment regimes which, although v arying in detail, tend to include divisions of a socio-therapeutic program which are generally managed primarily by the nursing staff, and a more than formal psychoanalytic psychotherapy programme which tends to be delivered by medical exam and non-medical psychotherapists. The latter typically tends to target psychodynamic orientation and typically focuses on the comment of the internal conflicts of the patient, as well as on the confrontation and elucidation of dysfunctional behaviour. It also will include analysis of institutional transferences as they become apparent during the treatment phase. (viz. Dolan, B et al. 2007)In very much the same way as we have observed in the context of pharmacological interventions, it would appear to be true that the literature relating to psychotherapeutic regimes suffers from difficulties internal in maintaining follow up and comparison of ostensibly similar trials because of the variations in both diagnosis and the nature of the sundry (a) treatment regimes.A number of sources place great tenseness on a holistic assessment of the patients full biography including their cognitive and affective levels of functioning. special(prenominal) attention should also be paid to the patients condemnable history if it is relevant (and it usually is) and to any available evidence of any previous behavioural disorder, including any associations such as attention deficit disorder. These factors will rely upon a combination of interviews, psychometric measures (including the MMPI scales, repertory grids and hares Psychopathy Checklist) and file information, in which records of social, psychiatric and criminal history can usually be found. (Soyka M 2000)In addition to all of this, treatment decisions may also need to be based on factors and information which has been obtained from any number of independent sources such as family members, motor lodge records and victims.Oldham states that an alpha element in treatment is as assessment of the degree to which the patient feels able to exert any control over the various aspects of their behavioural dysfunction as well as their own reaction to their perception of their antisocial activity and conduct. This latter element may have enquiry into a number of lifestyle factors such as deviate behaviour, including attitudes to self and others, interpersonal style and mettle shout out. (Oldham J M 2006)All of these factors will have a bearing on the particular therapeutic approach to be adopted as well as an assessment of the patients own intellectual abilities.Lamberg points out that an important element in achieving any degree of success in treatment is to come to a realistic agreement with the patient as to the what both the healthcare professionals and the patient can expect as a result of the treatment programme adopted. Unrealistic attitudes or expectations on the part of either party are lily to lead to disillusionment and treatment breakdown. (Lamberg L 2006)The picturesque details of the various treatment options are clearly beyond the background knowledge of this essay and therefore they will be presented in overview.Behaviour therapyThis guinea pig of approach effectively uses a mixture of acquisition theory and data-based psychology to the various maladaptions of the patients behaviour. The (now largely outdated) reasoning croup this approach is that the patient is regarded as having learned abnormal behaviour patterns by inappropriate conditioning through interactions between their environmental past and their occurrent environmental situations. (Gilligan J, et al. 2004). Clearly this is not referable to the various associated organic syndromes which may present as comorbidities. Behavioural therapists therefore start from the assumption that all these behavioural aberrations can be both predicted and controlled. Their goal is therefore to use externally derived stimuli to either weaken or completely eliminate any of the unwanted dysfunctional behaviour patterns. In clinical situations, the therapeutic effect is sought through the mechanism of either positive or banish reinforcement techniques which can strengthen or enhance the desired behaviour pattern or occasionally through punishment mechanisms which make it little likely.Robertson suggests that such techniques can be enhanced by the addition of other learning principles including avoidance, extinction, time-out, generalisation and discrimination (Robertson M R 2000)Aversion therapy appeared to be in vogue in the 1980s but is seldom used in current practice.Other facets of behaviour therapy include the adoption of skills educate where the patient learns appropriate responses to potentially aggressive encounters, the need to control anger, and the ability to deal with authority figures. (Kerr I B et al. 2007)Cognitive approachesThis appears to be a more frequently used approach in the modern literature. It involves identifying, confront ing and then questioning any maladaptive or irrational thoughts that the patient may have and establishing new cognitions to replace them. (Mack A H et al. 2003)The basic archecase tail this eccentric of approach is that the clinical problems which are responsive to this type of intervention are disorders of either thought or feeling processes which veer or even dictate or behaviour patterns. It follows that modification of these maladaptive thought processes will change the maladaptive behaviour patterns. (Evenden J 1999)The commonest lotion of this technique is therapeutic modelling whereby treatment allows the patient to observe a competent, coping model of humanbehaviour, and then embarking on a cognitive dissection in the hope that this will be reflected in the patients future conduct. It has been successfully used in situations of response to provocation, physiological monitoring, assertiveness training, reappraisal, cognitive self-control, relaxation training and self-in struction. Cognitive approaches can be undertaken in either a group or individual basis. (Toone B 2004) mortal and group psychotherapyThis approach differs from behavioural approaches (which focus primarily on externally observed behaviour patterns) insofar as it is primarily concern with approaching the patient in an empathetic notificationship which allows them to reach an ground of what is happening in their own personal inner worldFreud believed that patients could both share and explore the underlying causes of their clinical difficulties and learn to change the mental determinants through the process of experiencing of unrecognised forces in themselves. (Brown, D et al. 1979)In broad terms, a psychodynamic approach to the treatment of antisocial personality disorder places emphasis on the importance of personality structure and development, and is based upon the principle that antisocial behaviour is an expression of an underlying personality disturbance. Chronic antisocia l behaviour is held to reflect distortions in development and most particularly, the patients unrefined defences against trusting relationships. (Sugden S G et al. 2006)Patients with antisocial personality disorder typically show damage to their ego strength and therefore their capacity to film and manage various primitive anxieties and impulses. It follows therefore that a crucial part of psychotherapy is helping the patient to uncover the relevant mental states and meanings behind their behaviour patterns, and allowing them to explore and understand their feelings and maladaptive defence mechanisms. (Grossman L S et al. 1999)Therapeutic community approachesSome authorities advocate the use of the therapeutic community. This involves a more democratic engagement between healthcare professionals and patients and encourages the more active participation of patients in their own treatment in addition to giving them a greater responsibility for the day to day trial of their hospita l community. It is hoped that this delegation of responsibility to patients in a living and learning environment will help to encourage a more circularise expression of their feelings and a greater understanding and exploration of interpersonal relationships the lack of which is a major feature in antisocial personality disorder. The arranging and atmosphere in such a community is typically low key and fairly unstructured with regular meetings between the healthcare professionals and the patients. This type of approach is occasionally referred to in the literature as milieu therapy. The therapeutic structure is that the community allows for the provision of a combination of interventions such as pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy and behavioural therapy. All of these elements are delivered by a wide range of staff from different professional backgrounds, so that the various patients in the community can receive different treatment packages, depending on their individual needs. (Connor D F et al. 2003)3. ASSOCIATION OF ASPD WITH SUBSTANCE ABUSE other of the major themes apparent in the literature is the association of antisocial personality disorder with subject matter abuse. Part of the therapeutic regime should therefore include a direct approach to this element of the problem. It is known that the earlier the clinical manifestation of antisocial personality disorder (particularly at the age of 10 or younger) the greater is the risk of substance abuse in childish or adult life. (Joshi V et al. 2001)It has also been shown that the appointment with substance abuse prior to the instigation of treatment is a predictor of poor therapeutic outcome. (Myers W C et al. 2006)Studies which have attempted to quantify the association of antisocial personality disorder with substance abuse have, almost without exception, identified the element of deceit on the part of the patients as being a major source of unreliability in their finding s. Deceit is a commonly found behaviour pattern in antisocial personality disorder and the social stigma associated with substance abuse makes the apparent need for deceit on the part of the patient more understandable.Myers published a tour-de-force on the issues linking substance abuse and the adolescent with antisocial personality disorder. (Myers M G et al. 1998). A number of well constructed studies (viz. Windle M 2000) have stated that antisocial behaviour patterns diagnosed in children and adolescents are predictive of both adolescent and adult involvement in substance abuse with Robins going further and stating that conduct disorder (considered to be part of the same spectrum of conditions as antisocial personality disorder) is a strong prognostic indicator for both antisocial personality disorder and abuse of psychoactive substance in adulthood. (Robins L N et al. 2001). These observations have led a number of commentators to conclude that adult antisocial personality disor der and substance use disorders may share common etiologic pathways. This however, is rather speculative. There is some evidence that there may be a genetic link between the two but the situation should be regarded as not proven. The two elements are certainly linked but the nature of the linkage is unclear.The thrust of this theme can be considered further with the examination of an interesting viewpoint which is expressed by Fu (Fu. O et al. 2002) who was exploring the genetic background between antisocial personality disorder and alcohol dependency. The comments made in the Myers paper (cited above) relating to the possibility that antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse may have a common or related aetiology is given further credence by Fus work in which he cites evidence in studies by Kessler and others for separate increased genetic susceptibility to antisocial personality disorder, hemp dependence and alcohol dependence. Both marijuana dependence and alcohol dep endence have been found to be familial in some studies with monozygotic separated twins showing higher incidences than the normal population. (Kessler R C et al. 2006)Slutske suggests that common genetic risk factors have been suggested to account for between 76% and 71% of the genetic association between antisocial personality disorder and alcohol dependence in twin studies. (Slutske W S et al. 1998) a finding that was replicated in the True study showing the possibility of a genetic link between antisocial personality disorder, alcohol dependence and marijuana dependence. It should also be noted that the same study describe the presence of a statistically significant genetic link between antisocial personality disorder and major depression which is believed to also be linked to increased risk of alcohol dependence. (True W R et al. 1999)There is a disproportionately high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder amongst substance abusers. Those substance abusers who have anti social personality disorder are likely to have started abusing earlier than their non-affected counterparts. (Carroll K M et al. 2003) . Other authorities demonstrate a preponderance of polysubstance abusers in substance abusers who have antisocial personality disorder with the same studies showing worse prognostic outcomes in this sub-set. (Cacciola J S et al. 2005)If one considers the problem from a developmental viewpoint, some years ago Moffitt identified two distinct sub-types of deviance in adolescence. By far the largest group were those where the problem and challenging behaviour patterns commence and end before the end of adolescence. The second, much smaller group were those where the behaviour patterns persisted into adulthood. (Moffitt T E 1993). Studies which have attempted to further define these issues have suggested that early emergence of antisocial personality disorder (or conduct disorder in the child) together with a demonstration of these deviant behaviour patt erns crosswise a wide spectrum of settings are both good prognostic indicators of likely application of antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse into adult life. (Loeber R et al. 2003)Moffitt (who has written extensively on this issue) proposes the supposition of snares in which a number of features of the behaviour patterns of the antisocial personality disorder are diminutive in serving to limit options for the individual to escape their antisocial lifestyle. The concept that deeper commitment to drugs or alcohol may, in themselves, limit the escape options for pro-social behaviour or they may habituate the patient to environments which are more dubious in terms of relapse. Both of these mechanisms unfortunately serve to perpetuate a deviant or antisocial lifestyle.This concept can be considered further with the realisation that antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse expands into most of the major life domains. The problems that all sufferers with antis ocial personality disorder have in areas such as school or work, interpersonal relations, and intelligent difficulties, are greatly increased by the coexistence of a problem with substance abuse. All these areas are clearly important to the developing adolescent persona. This also is reflected in the fact that such high risk individuals increase their trouble further by indulging in substance abuse and this, in turn, is associated with an increased persistence of antisocial personality disorder into adult life. The persistence of symptoms into adult life in this sub-group can be viewed as being associated with the presence of additional psychopathology. In the words of MoffittThe substance abuse and emotional difficulties apparent in the group with antisocial personality disorder may well be reciprocally related in such a way that each serves to exacerbate the other. (Moffitt T E 1993)ReferencesBlack, D. A. (2002) A quin year follow up of male patients discharged from Broadmoor H ospital. In abnormal Offenders, Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System (eds. J. Gunn D. P. Farrington). Chichester WileyBrown, D. Pedder, J. (1979) Introduction to Psychotherapy An compend of Psychodynamic Practice. Principles and Practice. London RoutledgeCacciola J S, Alterman A I, Rutherford M J, Snider E C (2005) Treatment response of antisocial substance abusers. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005 183 166 171Carroll K M, Ball S A, Rounsaville B J (2003) A comparison of alternate systems for diagnosing antisocial personality disorder in cocaine abusers. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993 181 436 444Cleckley, H. (1964) The Mask of saneness (Forth ed.). 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Kupfer (2002) Clinical Significance of Lifetime Panic Spectrum Symptoms in the Treatment of Patients With bipolar I Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, Oct 2002 59 905 911Fu. O Heath A C, Bucholtz K K, Nelson E et al. (2002) Shared Genetic Risk of Major Depression, Alcohol Dependence, and marihuana Dependence. Contribution of Antisocial Personality Disorder in Men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 59 1125 1132.Gi lligan J, Lee B (2004) The Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Violent Youth. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Dec 2004 1036 356 381.Grossman L S, Brian Martis, and Christopher G. Fichtner (1999) be Sex Offenders Treatable? A Research Overview. Psychiatr Serv, Mar 1999 50 349 361.Gunderson J G, Igor Weinberg, female horse T. Daversa, Karsten D. Kueppenbender, Mary C. Zanarini, M. Tracie Shea, Andrew E. Skodol, Charles A. Sanislow, Shirley Yen, Leslie C. Morey, Carlos M. Grilo, Thomas H. McGlashan, Robert L. Stout, and Ingrid Dyck (2006) Descriptive and Longitudinal Observations on the Relationship of minimum Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Am J Psychiatry, Jul 2006 163 1173 1178.Hodgins S, Alderton J, Cree A, Aboud A, Mak T (2007) hard-hitting behaviour, victimisation and crime among severely mentally ill patients requiring hospitalisation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, October 1, 2007 191(4) 343 350.Hudziak J J, TJ Boffeli, JJ Kreisman, MM Battaglia, C Stanger, SB Guze , and JJ Kriesman JJ (2006) Clinical study of the relation of borderline personality disorder to Briquets syndrome (hysteria), somatization disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and substance abuse disorders Am J Psychiatry, Dec 1996 153 1598 1606.Kerr I B, Taylor D, (2007) Acute disturbed or violent behaviour principles of treatment. J Psychopharmacol, 1997 11 271 277.Kessler R C, Nelson C B, McGonagle K A, Edlund M J, Frank R G, Leaf P J. (2006) The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders implications for prevention and service utilization. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006 66 17 31.Lamberg L (2006) Personality Disorder a Possibility in Problem Patients, Specialists Say. JAMA, kinsfolk 2006 296 1341 1342Loeber R, Wung P, Keenan K, Giroux B, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Van Kammen W, Maughan B (2003) developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Developmental Psychopathology 2003 5 103 133Mack A H, Frances R J (2003) Substance-Related Disorders. Focus, foun tain 2003 1 125 146.Martens W H J (2000) Antisocial and insane Personality Disorders Causes, Course, and RemissionA revolutions per minuteiew Article. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol, August 1, 2000 44 (4) 406 430.Moffitt T E (1993) Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior a developmental taxonomy. 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Anthropogenic Effects on Coral Reefs Essay -- Unprecedented Stresses t

Abstract Humans have a precise gigantic effect on the ecosystems of coral reefs. Sensitivity of coral reefs causes them to be much susceptible to harmful anthropogenetic practices. Some of these are sedimentation, global warming, unpaid activities, poison fishing, blast fishing practices, water pollution, and coral mining. All of these very different practices mess effectively end up with the same results the mortality rate of coral reefs around the world. Coral reefs are an important ecosystem of the world, and support legion(predicate) different industries and millions of people. Introduction Coral Reefs are said to be the equatorial rainforest of the sea. They are home to over 25% of all ocean life (http//coralreefalliance.org.stories/storyReader$77). Over the past few decades they have been subjected to destructive anthropogenic practices. Some of the major threats to coral reefs include sedimentation, water pollution, harmful amateurish activities, a nd global warming. All of these things cause stress on corals and can potentially cause mortality. Corals are made up of two whiles, a polypus and zooxanthellae. A polyp is a calcerous body that grows from a hard part of the ocean floor. Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae which lives in the polyp and deliver energy for themselves and the coral. In many cases, corals undergo bleaching, which is a process where corals doze off the zooxantheallae or chlorophyll pigment, and turn white (Wilkinson et all). After bleaching corals can locomote for several months. It is possible for corals to recover by hosting more zooxantheallae, but it can take between 5 and 50 years for them to recover on the whole (Wilkinson et all, 1999). Sedimentation As the human p... ...h Letters, v. 27, no. 23, p. 3901-3904. Nowlis, J., Roberts, C., Smith, A., and Siirila, E., 1997, Human Enhanced stirs of a Tropical Storm on Nearshore Coral Reefs Ambio, v. 26, no. 8, p. 515-521. Rouphael , A.B. and Inglis, G.J., 1997, Impacts of Recreational scuba Diving at Sites with Different Reef Topographies Biological Conservation, vol. 82, no. 3, p. 329-336. Wilkinson, C., Linden, O., Cesar, H., Hodgson, G., Rubens, J., and Strong, A., 1999, bionomic and Socioeconomic Impacts of 1998 Coral Mortality in the Indian Ocean An ENSO Impact and a Warning for Future Change Ambio, v., 28, no.2, p. 188-196. Wolanski, E., Spagnol, S., 1999, Pollution by muck of Great Barrier Reef coastal Waters Journal of Coastal Research, V. 16, no. 4, p. 11510-1156. http//www.coralreefalliance.org/stories/storyReader$77 http//www.earthisland.org

Observational Abilities Test :: essays research papers

Observational Abilities TestINTRODUCTION     What is au and thentic in the eyes of one, do-nothing be seen as a fantasy in another.We, as a society, are made up of a dramatically diverse amalgam of cultures andabilities. Finding break through what those differences are can attend to us r individually a betterunderstanding of each other, thus a more equitable relationship can be educateed. Therefore, finding the observational abilities of a given groupmay help yield some interesting and valuable information.     In the following take up several groups were mental testinged on theirobservational abilities. In order to develop such a test, it was necessary todevise a structured set about for gathering and interpreting the information.Therefore, the scope of the test was formulated based on hypothesis testing.The following hypothesis was established as the criterion for the testNull hypothesis (Ho)        & nbsp  Males and females do not havedifferent observational abilitiesAlternative Hypothesis (H1)      Males and females do have differentobservational abilities observational DESIGN     The read consisted of 3 groups of varying size and structure.During the initial phase, the members of the study were unaware that any testwas being conducted. The locations of the test were Wilford Hall medical exam snapper Primary Care Meeting, University of the IncarnateWord World publications Class, and University of Texas at San Antonio Business Statistics Class. The sample sizes and constructs were as followsWilford Hall Medical Center               30 people - 19 (F) 11 (M)University of the Incarnate Word          19 people - 9 (F) 10 (M)University of Texas at San Antonio     32 people - 11 (F) 21 (M)The test subjects were all pr esented with the same scenario, given the normalground level of variation. The procedure of the test was as follows - The instructor/manager was advised that a test would beconducted sometime during the period. - A male messenger with mysterious hairand wearing a blue shirtand slacks, would enter the dwell unannounced. - The messenger would hand anenvelope to the instructor. - The messenger would then say, "This is fromDebbie". - The messenger would then exit the room. The instructor/manager hadbeen asked to wait 10 minutes, then the instructor/manager would pass out aform for the respondents to fill out (Results Sample Form). All the data wascompiled and corrected, then the data was inputted into the SPSS statisticalbroadcast for analysis. Each correct answer on the form was given a value of 10and each incorrect answer was given a value of 0. The male and femalerespondents were analyzed individually by hinge on and group (Results Descriptives),Then the relevant scores an d data of the groups were evaluated against each

Roundup Essay -- Monsanto’s Soya Bean

If you read Wall Streets reports, they dont verbalize of soya bean as originating in China. They dont ripple of soya bean as soya bean. They talk of Monsanto soya. Monsanto soya is protect by a patent. It has a patent number. It is therefore treated as a creation of Monsanto, a product of Monsantos intelligence and innovation. Vandana shivah (Barsamian, 1997)Introduction Monsanto is a Saint Louis Chemical manufacturer that is a major(ip) player in the weed killing business. Monsanto has quite a important past. They developed and produced the notorious defoliant Agent Orange used in the Vietnam War, they invented the debatable recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH), and they were the inventors and worlds main manufacturing business of polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) which are now banned but still linger in our soil and water (Arax, 1997). Presently, Monsanto is commonly known for its potent herbicide named Roundup. As the biggest-selling weed killer in the world, Roundup acco unts for 17 percent of Monsantos summation annual sales of $9 billion (Arax, 1997). The main ingredient of Roundup is glyphosate. Glyphosate is the one-eighth most commonly used herbicide in U.S. agriculture and the morsel most commonly used herbicide in nonagricultural settings (Cox, 1995). Its estimated annual use according to the U.S. EPA is between 15 and 20 million pounds in agriculture and between 4 and 6 million pounds elsewhere (Arax, 1997). Monsanto claims that Roundup breaks mess quickly in the soil, so that little or no harmful byproduct accumulates in plant or animal tissue - a viewpoint often disputed. Monsantos patent on Roundup will asphyxiate in two years, and when this happens, countless chemical companies will undoubtedly grow into the mark... ...Susan Benson, and Rachel Burstein. A Growing Concern. Mother Jones January / February 1997 37-43. Barsamian, David. We Cant Afford To brook a Sacred Car Rather Than a Sacred Cow. The state-of-the-art September 19 97 36-39. Bruno, Kenny. Say It Aint Soy, Monsanto. Multinational Monitor January / February 1997 27-30. Cox, C. Glyphosate, opus 1 Toxicology. Journal of Pesticide Reform Fall 1995 Vol. 15, No 3. Cox, C. Glyphosate, Part 2 Human Exposure and Ecological Effects. Journal of Pesticide Reform Winter 1995 Vol. 15, No 4. Perils Amid Promises of Genetically Engineered Foods by Dr. Mea Ho. Biology Department, Open University, U.K. November 1996. WWW.GREENPEACE.ORG/GENENG/INDEX.HTML Why Consumers and Farmers Should Avoid Monsantos Genetically Engineered Soybeans A Greenpeace Report. WWW.GREENPEACE.ORG/GENENG/INDEX.HTML

Carlo Ginzburgs Night Battles vs. Keith Tomas Religion and the Declin

Carlo Ginzburgs wickedness Battles vs. Keith Thomas Religion and the go down of conjuring trick Carlo Ginzburgs Night Battles depicts the relationships that existed concerning legerdemain and the use of witchcraft as they where believed by both the everyday and the elite concerning the benandanti in the Italian eye socket of Friuli. Keith Thomas Religion and the Decline of Magic does a similar thing except his subject area is in the whole of England and includes more information and examples of the beliefs and practices of the English. Both the English eyeshade and the account of the Friuli benandanti have several similarities that exist between the devil as well as some(prenominal) distinct differences. The differences between the two groups are shown by the focus the common and elite treat the situation and the way that the two separate situations changed over time both sharing some characteristics while having other characteristics being diametric the same in the two areas. In England the role of magic was not one that encompassed the devil or evil in the mind of the normal belief. Magic, on the other contrary, is use properly and for positive purposes could be a good thing. People would utter that they had or wanted to visit a cunning homo, someone that uses magic to find lost objects, in regularize to find out authorized information or to reveal who had stolen from them. This practice was not frowned upon by popular opinion. This acceptance of the proclamation of the use of a cunning troops shows the exoteric acceptance of magic if used in the right form as well as the popular opinion that a cunning man was not someone to be feared or despised.1 On the contrary, the cunning man was someone who could help you through magical means in order that you might... ...he desire of the elite to hunt witches and the court system set up that will benefit witch-hunting. These two separate places have two different kinds of magic that are treated in two separate shipway by the elite and popular people of the area. 1. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York Oxford University Press, 1971), 221. 2. Thomas, 505. 3. Thomas, 516. 4. Thomas, 437. 5. Carlo Ginzburg, The Night Battles (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 1. 6. Ginzburg, 69-70. 7. Thomas, 226. 8. Thomas, 200. 9. Ginzburg, 71. 10. Ginzburg, 72. 11. Thomas, 453. 12. Ginzburg, 100-101. 13. Ginzburg, 81. Bibliography Ginzburg, Carlo. The Night Battles. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York Oxford University Press, 1971.

Industrial or Economic Espionage :: International Business Competition Essays

Industrial or sparing Espionage A small Mississauga electronics safety equipment company is mazed into.Although filing cabinets and desks were rummaged through, zip was seeminglytaken. An officer discovered the company had drawn up a bid for $7 milliondollar contract a daytime or so before the break-in. The contract in question wasfor a foreign sphere. It was later discovered that the company in question was cognize for its aggressive scotch espionage. An iron ore shipping company wasalso broken into. At first it was thought that the target had been the firmscomputers. But, nothing was taken, it was assumed that the burglars had been fright off. Within thirty minutes it was discovered that the company wasapproaching its fiscal year end. staff eventually found that most of the recentdatabase sculptural relief tape was missing. A Quebec based company with the laser-basedsystem for inspecting materials apply in, among some other things, the abstractthaircraft, had three c omputers stolen. On their harddrives were confidentialcodes for specialized softw ar used by the Canadian Armed forces. The above areall adjust examples of the modern threat facing international business todayknow as industrial or economic espionage. The end of the cold and economicpressures have increased the risk of economic espionage. The collapse of theSoviet summation has left unemployed KGB and other former communist bloc wisdom agents selling everything from Russian night vision devices tocompletely assembled and functional bugging devices. veritable(a) friendly westernEuropean governments have been caught spying on nonpublic corporations based inthe U.S. and other countries, while industrial competitors sometimes withdrawprivate companies to collect competitive intelligence from their corporaterivals( Lester96). What exactly is economic espionage? how prevalent is it?Who does it? How do they do it? and what can we do to stop it. These are thequestions that will be impr essioned at in the following pages. First lets look at, what exactly is economic espionage. Espionage andintelligence is no longer the exclusive world of monarchs and governments, ithas become a must for modern international business. Large corporations approximatelythe world particularly in western Europe and Asia now let agents to gatherintelligence on their competitors and other countries. The goal of economicespionage is to steal trade secrets, plans and confidential procedures oranything to give your company or country a competitive edge over another(Perry1996). The areas that interest industrial spies the most includeradiation transfer technology, systems diagnostic and testing software, change of location wave tubes, aviation technologies, microwave monolithic integratedcircuits, inferred signature measures software, microwave radar technologies, wet

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Ladies, gentlemen, pargonnts, friends, family, staff, fellow students Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http//www.olens_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. solely if seriously folks... Today we argon gathered here to celebrate our showtime from 12 long years of developing. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously presumptuousness to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would non be possible without them. So furthest this evening we surrender looked back over the many past memories of our school years, remembering the good times and the bad, talking close to the fun times, and so on. Now I would like to bring your focus to the present, and make a ch exclusivelyenge for us for the future. The ceremony tonight is a very gray-haired and traditional one. In past, such a graduation meant not only the comp allowion of a school career, but also a pure tone into adu lthood, into society, into the world. With this came many duties and responsibilities. This still applies to today. Im sure many of you have heard the going into the real world speech as very much quoted at high school graduations. You know, the one outlining the responsibilities of living on your have got cooking your own meals, balancing a checkbook, doing your own laundry, etc. Those are all well and good, but Im talking about something a little different responsibilities which go beyond those the duties and rights of citizenship. Most of you are 18 already, or will be very soon, this is the age at which we can vote. As full citizens, it is now our right, and one which we should not let pass by. Our country is founded upon a democracy, and all democracies have one full part power b... ...hould in the future suffer what they did to save immunity by bloodshed. We owe it to them to prevent wars, and to know, to understand, to teach, and to learn from our neighbors around the world, so that we superpower learn to live in peace. I am saying all of this tonight as a challenge to us as we bet on forth this day. It is tempting for us as graduating seniors to treat this moment as one of reveling in our independence from high school. But this night is not just for the moment it is also for our futures to look back to. Lets celebrate the new privilege and responsibility which will be given to us as the class of the new millennium to make it kick downstairs than the past. For we should all be concerned with the future, because that is where we will all spend the residual of our lives. Thank you, everyone. And the best of luck to the future of the Class of 2006

How to Tell a True War Story Essay -- essays research papers

state of war can be defined as an active struggle among competing entities. Its truly hard to tell who is right or incorrect during a war. Both sides are fighting for what they believe in and what is trus both(prenominal)rthy to their heart. In the end there is always two things promised destruction and death. These two objects can explain the result in every facet of war from the physical to emotional.In How to Tell a True War tarradiddle OBrien explores the relationship between the until nowts during a war and the art of grievous those events. OBrien doesnt come to a conclusion on what is a line up war base. He writes that one cant deduct the story as well. According to OBrien, war can be anything from love and beauty to the most horrid thing ever experienced. The story doesnt even have to have a meaning. Evidence of both descriptions of war leading to death and destruction being used is how OBrien tells of Curt Lemons death. He tells it as a love story with the view b eing described as being beautiful. In addition to OBrien referencing it to a love story he also includes the gruesome expatiate of how Curt Lemon died. These stories not only shape the listeners perception and military capability of the war, but it also affects the one telling the story. Some stories are true and others are rather embellished. The storyteller, speaking from the point of being in the war, has commonly been through the most traumatic events ever in their life. Does the storyteller even know the truths ...

Personal Narrative - A Journey :: Personal Narrative Writing

A Journey I am by myself habiliment my blue jeans and an old flannel app arel. It is cool outside merely I decided to leave my gloves at home, feeling comfortable with my warm shirt and my sturdy boots. It is just me and the timberland. I take nonhing with me when I leave, because I know that I wont be gone as well long. It is early run so it is cool outside but not cold. I am back on teh east coast liberty chiting through the woods of the Appalachins. The leaves have begun turning colors so there is a lovely aray of oranges, yellows, greens, and reds. The red colors of the leaves remind me of the maple trees that used to be outside of my house. I remember looking at the red leaves on those trees the evening of our riposte football game when Paul came over. The floor of the forest is damp but not muddy. There are moss covered stones that litter the path I am walking. Some of them are loose, and others are firmly embedded in the ground. For the most part they are the rocks th at you have to watch out for when your are running a cross-country race so that you do not sprain your ankle. They are the type of rocks that are annoying at picnics and campground fires because they are not big enough to amaze on and too big to move. I keep walking because I know that in advance of me is a small stream where I can quietly model and listen to the wet. It is small enough that some rocks portrude above the water and I could walk across if I wanted to. As I walk towards the stream I see a bottle that is empty and crushed. At one point it had been a bottle filled with mineral water for someone who had been hiking through the woods on a health trip. When I see it I dont stop to pick it up, but I puddle a mental note of its locations so I can walkover it on my way back. Once I reach the stream I sit on a rock and watch the water tip off over and around the stones in the creek bed. As I sit there a deer appears on the other side of the stream. not a buck, but just a standard doe.

Monotremes and Electroreception :: Monotremes and Electroreception

AbstractThrough their evolution, monotremes have developed several attributes that throw away them unique from most other mammals. The focus of this paper lies on the electroreceptive capabilities of monotremes. Electroreception of monotremes is part comparable to that in fish. The bill of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, and the beaks of the echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus and genus Zaglossus bruijni, totally contain three types of receptors push-rod mechanoreceptors, serous gland electroreceptors, and mucous gland electroreceptors. The schooling collected by these receptors is sent to the somatosensory cortex. The platypus, whose electroreceptive system is more knotty than that of the echidna, uses electroreception to capture prey and is the only mammal know to so. (It is not so far known if the echidna uses electroreception to capture prey.) IntroductionMonotremes have fascinated scientists since their husking in 1799 (Moyal 4). The isolation of monotremes in Austr alia has allowed monotremes to spring up several unique characteristics. oneness newly discovered mystery of these animals is their electroreceptive capability. This discovery brings up many questions. How did monotremes evolve this elaborate sensory system? What do these electroreceptors look like, and how do they place? How do monotremes perceive this sixth sense? This paper will commence to address these questions.Monotreme DiversityOrder Monotremata is split into both families and three species. Ornithorhynchus anatinus, commonly called the platypus, disregard be found in eastern Australian rivers and creeks from Queensland all the way down the coast and crosswise the Bass Strait into Tasmania (Moyal 18). The platypus is not a large animal. Males, which can weigh 2.35 kg and reach .56 m in length, are big than the females (Dawson 9-10). The platypus swims with its mouth, ears, and eyes shut (Dawson 10). O. anatinus sifts the bottom for food, which is mainly non-insect inv ertebrates, crustaceans, worms, some vertebrates, and benthic larvae of various insects (Dawson 10). The two other surviving species of monotremes are Tachyglossus aculeatus, the short-beaked echidna, and Zaglossus bruijni, the long-beaked echidna. Echidnas range throughout Australia and New Guinea as well as islands adjacent to both land masses (Collins 17). Both species have characteristic modified hairs that function as spines (Dawson 10-12). T. aculeatus is a stocky animal (3-5kg) with a small head and pointed snout (Dawson 10-11). Z. bruijni is larger than T. aculeatus (10kg) and has a downward trend snout (Dawson 11-12). The snouts and tongues of T. aculeatus and Z. bruijni are ideal for diets of termites, ants, and earthworms (Dawson 10-12).