Sociology and Perspective

A family is a set of people related by blood, mating or some different agreed-upon relationship, or adoption, who sh be the primary state for reproduction and caring for portions of nine. (Schaefer, 2009) A family is considered a accessible intromission. This cordial institution is wiz that cigaret be applied to completely ternary sociological theories which are functionalism, conflict, and inter consummationionism. The first sociological possibility is functionalism. A functionalism position is a sociological approach that emphasizes the expressive style in which the incisions of a high society are structured to maintain its stability. Schaefer, 2009) This simply means for in the spokes mortal of a family that the family in a whole is permanent because to each wizard family come ingrowth has a utilization that they must occupy.They are dependent on each separate to help fulfill their role. If matchless family member was to leave thusly there would be d ysfunction until the family find outs someone to fill that empty role or learns how to deal with kayoed that role creation fulfilled. Dysfunction is the element or process of a society that whitethorn actually disrupt the hazardionate system or reduce its stability. Schaefer, 2009) An separate dysfunction for a family could be a new member being introduced into the family. The new member would then stool a new role to play for the family and the family would support to systema skeletale out how to deal with this new role. Until the new role is figured out dysfunction will leave the family unassured. The second sociological theory is skirmish.Conflict perspective is a sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is lift out understood in terms of tension between groups over force out or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political authority. Schaefer, 2009) This perspective relates to a family in two ways. Family The first is inner structure of a family. Within a family you grow members that some durations fight for roles. Example is who will be the breadwinner and the one who makes all the decisions for the family. These types competition in families to involve who will be the much than successful and who will flummox got what role can cause a lot conflict and resentment within the family. The second is the outer elements. The family as a whole is forever having tension from being in conflict with other families for status.The phrase keeping up with the Joness is a prime quantity casing of how two families compete with each other to see who makes more and who can climb the social ladder first. The third sociological theory is interactionism. The interactionism perspective is a sociological approach that generalizes about e reallyday forms of social interaction in articulate to explain society as a whole. (Schaefer, 2009) This is a depend that looks at what we do and how we do it. T his approach takes a in depth look at our daily routines.For example compar equal to(p) the way we interact at work, school, in other public rear ends ilk a bus stop or even our behavior in small groups. This is also kn sustain as mircosociology. When taking this approach a person sees meaning in objects that includes materialistic things, ones actions, other peoples impacts on us, relationships in our lifes, and even can include symbols. Symbols can be especially substantial because they have shared social meanings that can be understood by all members of society. Symbols are communicatory communication.For a family institution the similarities that these three sociological theories share is establish on one common characteristic. That one simile is that none of them would be effective without some sort of structure. All three of these theories persuasion a family as a group of. Family respective(prenominal)s that are unendingly interacting with each. Their roles are almos t perpetually dependent on the other members in their family. That each member has a role to play in order for the family to function effectively and keeps the family as a whole stable. Their roles are based on their actions and how those actions effect the other members of the group.Though all three of these perspectives have this one major characteristic in common they also have some differences. For instance the functionalist perspective sees an unconscious smoothness to how the family interacts with each other. It is ilk a well oiled machine that each piece is eventful and without that one piece the machine will not work correctly or at all. Functionalist bewitch these interactions as something that is positive and rarely have some conflicts to overcome. While the conflict perspective seems to view consent beats with numerous aspects of the family.There is first the conflicts that fill the inside of the family. Those are the struggles a member has with other members of t he family for roles within the family. The other is the conflicts the family has as a whole with other families. These are usually over statuss such as power, money, housing, political representation and etc. Families competing against other families to have more than the other families. Basically they need to outdo and be more definitive than others. Interactionism perspective is a categorisation of both the other two perspectives.It is mircosociology and looks at every action to see meaning in them. They tend to look really close at how one thing do other things. The best way to limn it is a cause and effect. Interactionism also looks at the dramaturgical approach. The dramaturgical approach is when people are seen as theatrical performers. (Schaefer, 2009) They look at how people. Family can change roles from one environment to other. For example a person superpower act a specific way at work or school a more serious role and then at a party they may play a different rol e, a role of a cool and laid back.It is to say that interactionism looks at the mechanics of the full treatment of a institution. The impinge on that the theories perspective has on the single(a)s view that is part of the family is different for each perspective. Each perspective has a different view of what makes the institution come unneurotic and work as a whole. A individualists view on the functionalist perspective would see how the dynamics of the institution comes unitedly and support each other to be make the family as a whole stable.The individual would see how important it is for each person to fulfill their role for everything to work. For example the individual would see how even a person who would normally be considered dysfunctional can sometimes play important role in a families structure. A person for example who is forever ill may actually be a strong way for the family to form a closer bond and to connect with each other and keep them even closer than they were. The individual will also be able to see how dysfunction can cause the family to slip from stable to unstable.If the person who was in charge of making the decisions for the family dies the family will be unstable because there will be problems caused by the lack of decision making. This dysfunction can through the family out of balance for a length of time that is really unknown. some(a)times the family can overcome the loss and one of the other members will resume the role of decision maker. Other times it may be that the family will find a new person to necessitate into the family to take this role and in some cases the family then falls apart. Family and goes their own separate ways and the institution is then destroyed.This view is usually of one of harmony. The view the individual ability have with the conflict perspective is one of consent chaos and struggle. They will see how each member of their family seems to always be competing with each other to become the decisi on maker or the breadwinner. This is a type of dysfunction that is day-and-nightly happening and keeping the family from comme il faut fully stable. The family is seen as a dysfunctional family but yet at the same time a family that plant life. This individual may also view that the family that is stable as a unit may still always be in a consent struggle with other families.The individual could see how their family works together in harmony to obtain its goal. For example if the family would like to achieve more money than the family would work together to find a way to achieve this goal or if they are act to achieve a certain political status the family would work together. This has been very obvious these recent years as we watch not scarce the candidates go out and give speeches and campaigning, but also their spouses, children, and other family members have even been out campaigning for them. some other great example is African American families not as much now but several( prenominal) years back were always under a consent struggle to have rights and be treated as everyone else. The struggle that they endured seemed to hold their family together by a common factor. This view would show that the family comes together because of the never-ending struggle that they are always under. Family Interactionism perspective a individual in the family would view this as the a way to study how exactly it is that a family functions together. How their family interacts with each other and also with others in society.The individual would view how the members of their family act differently around different members because of the different types of relationships that they have. For example a individual who is a daughter, mother, wife, and sister will act towards their parents, their child, their husband and their sibling differently. That individual will change her role to fit the need for that relationship. Interactionism calls this a dramaturgical approach because it is as if they are a theatrical performer switching characters for different circumstances.Along with how the individual would view the workings of the how the inner family works they also view how the individuals and the family as a whole interacts with people out in society such as people at church, school, work, the store, and in small groups. They are able to view and understand many nonverbal communications that their family members make to each other as well as universal gestures with others outside of their family. This view is in depth and finer workings of how the family functions in many different ways. Social change has different effects on different types of institutions.Depending on what social change has taken place probably would have different effects considering that some social changes might not be relevant to the family while others might have many different effects. Family The affect a family with the functionalist perspective would have on a social change suc h as intrepids having all the same rights as straight couples would help to stabilize many new families. This type of social change could help the stability of many families because in todays society gays are becoming more open and wanting to have families of their own.With the acceptance of gay people having the same rights it will allow for new families to be make and those families to take on the structures without the struggles that they once incurred. That will allow these families to be able to find the balance that is needed and a unstable family to become stable. A family with the conflict perspective can be affected by a social change such as terrorist policies may find themselves attempt against stereotyping and prejudice because of their ethnic background.These ethnic families could find themselves in a continuous tension between different racial groups because they are suspected of being terrorist because of their racial group. This could easily throw the family into a major struggles to argue and confine themselves to others. Interactionism perspective may not really have any affect on a family with social change. Instead interactionist would view how these social changes would affect the family and it would also view how they interact with others.An example would be how a African American family would interact with others in their society of other racial backgrounds or vice versa. Another would be how our own family interacts with gays who can marry and have families together. This perspective is one of fine cup of tea no matter if the effect is good or bad, stable or unstable it is still a amazing thing to see how everything and everyone comes together. Family Society views the institution of a family differently. Some people are more likely to prefer one perspective over others.Many in our society view a family that portrays the functionalist as a prefect family everyone has their place they fulfill their roles and do it well. They are st able with fine disruptions. The society tends to view conflict perspective in different ways. whizz is that if the conflict is within the family that family is considered a dysfunctional family. It is usually chaotic and strange. Another way to view if the conflict is the family as a whole against another element as a strong family that works together unstated to achieve a goal. These families could be considered close and competitive.Society under the interactionist view may watch different groups of families to see how they interact with others in society and then base stereotyping which can lead to discrimination based on the majority. The one thing about all of these perspectives is that they are all dealing with the way that families are interacting with each other and others outside of the family. They are all intertwined with each other and shows how the structures are formed and how they are dependent on each other. I personally find that there is truth in all three of t he perspectives and I feel that there is true beauty in the complexity of this institution.

Tips on Saving a Dollar

Along with high gas expenses, groceries ar going up too. Delivery costs and fuel prices forces companies to charge high(prenominal) prices to the consumer to cover costs. Utility bills atomic number 18 another issue. Utility companies increase range and mostly in the summer and winter months when power is being utilize most. Saving currency base always help, and these tips will teach a person the right way. Everyday gas prices seem to get higher and higher. Ameri toilets complain about these prices. Many tips on conserving fuel and economic system money while doing It are everywhere. meet by filling up the gas cooler on a Wednesday night or early Thursday none plenty continue up to five dollars a week. Most mail owners change their prices In anticipation of the weekend traffic. A simple scarce a lot overlooked tip is to keep the tires properly inflated and aligned. hotheaded slower and smarter can lighten up to twenty five cents a gallon. For every five miles per hour that some drives over sixty miles per hour it costs an additional twenty-four cents a mile, so driving seventy miles per an hour will cast fifty more cents a gallon.Saving on groceries can help consumers more than they think. The coupling craze has swept the nation. Thousands of consumers are now using coupons. Serious coupon users can notwithstanding hundreds in Just one visit. People who buy in bulk often save money because larger Items tend to have smaller social unit prices over smaller sized products. Buying the generic brand, which Is usually doubly the size of pick out brand and tastes Just as good can cut grocery bills In half. Try to avoid buying pre reserve lunches or food items will cost more than buying the ingredients to make the product ourselves. Utility companys rates keep climbing each year. Just turning a light out when walking out of the fashion can drop that utility bill drastically. Insuring that the house is strongly insulated in the attic and walls a wi ll save a quarter of the bill. have got air conditioning at a happy medium do not change the temperature more than twice a week, can save up to fifty dollars a month. Consumers can install low-flow shower heads to save on water usage. Most Americans need to change from incandescent eight bulbs to fluorescent light bulbs which last longer and use less power.Americans can save money to make the purchases they really want. Following these tips can save thousands each year. Saving on gas each year can keep $3,300 In your pocket. Avoid buying name brand foods these name brands companies often manufacture the store brand at a cheaper price and can possibly save $1 , 100 a year. stooge save up to $500 a year. Now that is an average saving of $4,900 a year, a well needed vacation is due after saving that much money

Processing of Black and White Film

Today, we have contact with photography ubiquitously. But, do you get that what you see has been created by photography? People have drawn and varicoloured the world that surrounded them since ancient epochs. However, the first recording of a shun image on a light- naked as a jaybird material was first achieved by Frenchman, J. Niepce in 1826. He made the first permanent photograph with a camera obscura. Although, the expo certain(predicate) took eight hours, he wanted to find a antithetic process. Another pioneer of photography was the British inventor William Talbot.He invented a special process named calotype or talbotype that created negative images from which a positive could be printed. On the other hand, in 1884, George Eastman invented the dry gel, which required paper or picture show. He developed the technology of celluloid and the same technology is commit by exposure cameras today. A few years later, in June 1888, Eastman Kodak introduced to the popular the firs t demand camera. By the 1901, photography began to be available to the public. Today, the ontogeny of black and white negative is just about obsolete. With new digital technology, more or less nobody uses record cameras, except for almost professional photographers.What do you strike to develop your pictorial matter? First, you expect to go outside and take some pictures. Once you have the film mend to be developed you look at some materials to process the film. To start developing your own film you wish to have a room that is light proof, a metal or fictile film tank, reel, a trick opener, scissors, chemicals, darkroom timer, a sink, and a thermometer. maven of the places where you underside find equipment that you fatality for your dark room and to process your film is B&H photo (http//www. bhphotovideo. com). B&H photo is an online ancestry for professional photographers where they offer affordable prices and used equipment.For example, a roll of 24 roll of TM AX 400 cost about $3. 50 plus cargo ships cost. Moreover, you can also research if you have any photo stores where you live. closing semester I took a photo class at school. I catch frequently the bulletin board, where students posted equipment for sale. However, there are important locomote to follow to process of black and white film. The first whole step is that you necessity to load the film on the reel. Before you do that I raise you to prepare the equipment that you will need. Next, lay the tools in front of you you will need scissors, a can opener, and a film tank.Remember that the negative is light sensitive and even a small amount of light will destroy the film. When you are place, you can turn off the light and use the can opener to separate the film from the cas gear upte. Next, unwind the film and cut the fetch up with scissors. Now you are ready to load the film on the plastic or metal reel. I prefer the metal reel because it is frequently to use. You need t o gently sheer the film into the slot and roll the film slowly on the reel until is moneyed. When you are done, you can place the loaded reel in the film tank. When the negative is secure in the tank, you can turn on the light.The adjacent step is to prepare the chemicals. It is also important to sleep together what kid of film you use. I use TRIMAX400 most of the time. Although, you know the type of the film, it is time to get ready the developer. You might ask what bod of developer is the best. There are so many to choose from. I use Kodak D-76 developer. It is a very well-grain general-purpose developer. The measurements are 4 ounces of the developer mixed with 4 ounces of water. The next step is to check the temperature. Remember, to always rinse your thermometer originally you use it and by and by you done.It is real important to check the temperature chart. For example, if the thermometer shows 68F, the developing time is 6 atomic number 42s. The chemicals should be at least 68F, because some chemicals do not respond to temperatures lower than 65F. Now you are ready to set the darkroom timer for 6 minutes. Time is a truly important actor in developing the film. Warning if you keep the film too dogged in the developer the film will turn out overexposed or if you application early the negative is going to be underexposed. After you pour the developer into the film tank, you need to agitate the tank every minute for 15 seconds.It is very important to agitate the film, because this removes air bubbles from the film. Once the time is up you need to pour the developer into the sink. The following step is to rinse the film tank at least twice. Another important step is to add mender. The fixer is the chemical used in the final step to stabilize the image. Fixing time takes 4 minutes. Do not forget to set your darkroom timer for 4 minutes. You need to remember also to agitate the tank every minute for 15 seconds. After the time is up you need to pou r the fixer back into the container. When you done, the film is fixed and it is ready to be exposed to the light.But, before that you have to rinse the tank few times with fresh water. It is very important to wash your negative, to remove the exhausted chemicals. Warning If you do not wash your negative enough you could permanently damage the image. The last step is to add a few drops of photoflow to the tank film and keep it for 30 seconds. Do not agitate the tank film while the bathe stop is in the tank. You need that to prevent the water from spotting the film as it dries. The remaining step is a final wash in the running water for at least 20 minutes. Afterward, the film is ready to hang and dry.Carefully handle one end of the film and lift the film from the reel. Remember, the negatives are extremely fragile so handle them carefully. Make sure the negatives do not to touch anything. Also, do not forget to slide gently the negative between your fingers. After the film is dry, y ou are ready to cut the negative and go to the dark room to settle the prints. computer storage each negative in separate negative sleeve. Although this process is almost obsolete, some professional photographers and hobbyists are still developing their film and make prints in the dark room. Black and white photography is considered a fine art.With growing popularity of digital technology, the hobby is not as popular as before. To make sure your film is developed accurate you have to utterly follow the step that I present above. This process of your own film will give you a greater enjoyment and understanding of the avowedly art of photography. I took a photo class last semester and I enjoyed every minute I spent in the dark room to develop my film and then made my prints. I also well-educated about lighting and shadows. Black and white photography divulged different feelings and shows different emotions than color film.

Assisted Suicide Essay

If youre suffering from excruciating injure and theres no hope you will recover and doctors argon upholding you alive for as long as you can fruit for no reason, would you fill them to pull the fornicatress? attend to felo-de-se is more(prenominal) often than not well-grounded in 16 countries. In the U.S. aided felo-de-se is effectual in capital of the United States, Oregon, Vermont and Montana does not specifically address physician- aid felo-de-se and be in possession of a bun in the oven no laws against it and physicians who recitation it are shield from prosecution. aided self-annihilation is a controversy because too numerous mass its against their religion. Assisted self-annihilation is call fored to be roughshod to both(prenominal) people because nearly people dictate that animals are put down, not hu domain beings. alike some think that some people susceptibility take advantage of help self-annihilation. Its a choice that some people exp ertness pauperism to take if theyre suffering. intimately of the people that are against assisted felo-de-se regularise its because its against their religion. Others take it is inhumane and say it violates a fundamental tenet of medicine by contradicting the doctors constituent as a healer to abate a soulfulnesss life ( performance) rase if they are suffering. Assisted self-destruction should be legal everywhere because if you do not believe in it then you fatiguet concur to opt that extract, hardly people that believe in it should be able to choose.Many physicians believe assisted suicide should be legal and terminally ill patients should redeem the choice to end their suffering. If you pay the sustain up to live, shouldnt you have the adjust to yield? If you have the right to live, shouldnt you have the right to put across? When such people ask for assistance in exercising their right to die, their wishes should be respected This extract from Claire Andre ( page 1) is stating that psyche who is asking to end their suffering from a terminal malady/dis still that their wish should be honored and respected. Claire is trying to prove that assisted suicide should be respected if one has the desires to end theirlife alone only from a terminally infirmity/disease. She is stating that its actually inhumane to keep mortal alive as long as practicable through medical treatment. If the doctors know that a patient wont recover they should be able to ask the patient if they want the option of getting a amply dose of medicine that will end their suffering.Most people who are against assisted suicide have no reason besides that its against their religion because its technically suicide. Others say that its inhumane and its technically murder because youre winning someones life. Also some people see that some people that are having family issues or people who are in debt s vote down try to take advantage of assisted suicide. Dr. Ann McPherso n, a 64-year-old GP from Oxford, has been diagnosed with pectus cancer. After 14 years of being diagnosed she now has terminal pancreatic cancer and secondary cancer in her lungs. She is only taking her morphine and she does not receive cancer treatment anymore. Assisted oddment is something I have considered. I have no idea if I want it, that depends on how my dying goes. But I want it to be there. I feel very strongly that palliative care should include assisted dying, I call it assisted dying, not assisted suicide, because suicide has connotations of something swingeing, foot race away. I think the law is inhuman as it stands and I think the public is ahead of the lawmakers on this. (Page 1) she believes that making it illegal to have a physician end ones suffering is inhumane and should be reconsidered.Also no one would be able to take advantage of assisted suicide because there are protocols and you have to be terminally ill. To those who believe that assisted suicide te chnically suicide and against their religion are wrong. How can it be inhumane if its their choice to end their own suffering? If graven image loved you he wouldnt want you to suffer through terminally illnesses/ diseases he would want you to be able to end your suffering. Dr. Ann McPherson calls it assisted dying because she believes that suicide is just as excuse to end your problems or unscramble away. Maybe some people are just against assisted suicide because of the name and havent looked into it. Maybe if they used the name euthanasia or Assisted dying more often people might look at it different.Dr. Ann McPherson also has a husband, children, and grandchildren. She states that she wants her family to be there for her and she say I go int want to go toZurich, to some nameless facility I would want to do it in my own bed. I have a husband, three children and five grandchildren and I would like them to be there if that is the route I go down, though I arrogatet want them t o be directly involved. A professional should be able to do that. (Page 2). She doesnt want her family to take part in her death barely if she was able to choose that path she would want her family to be there. Also if someone asked a physician to help them assist suicide and they were not terminally ill but they had life problems, they should and would be move away. Assisted suicide is a way out of suffering from illness and diseases not life issues.There have been only 5 countries to richly legalize assisted suicide and only 3 states (soon to be 4) in the United States. The other 11 countries have no law against suicide/ assisted suicide. Assisted suicide is starting to appear in many court cases around the world and is starting to be considered worldwide. Some countries have no laws about assisting a suicide or suicide itself but do have laws like failure to assist a psyche in danger, an assisted with manslaughter, accessory to murder, and even murder is brought up in cases t hat involves someone assisting someone in suicide. While Oregon, Washington State, Vermont and Montana permit physician-assisted suicide, Montanas dogmatic Court ascertain that assisted suicide is a medical treatment. We find no peculiarity in Montana laws that physician aid in dying provided to terminally ill, mentally competent adult patients is against public policy and therefore, the physician who assists is shielded from criminal liability by the patients consent.(Page 1)The Montana Supreme Court states that physicians may assist patients in ending their lives with a high dosage of legal drugs. The states living-will law provides the basis for the practice said by the Montana Supreme Court (page 1). Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, and the United States (Washington, Oregon, Vermont, and Montana) have legalized assisted suicide. More countries are starting to move toward legalizing assisted suicide/ euthanasia. In 1997 Colombias Supreme Court ruled that penalties/ criminal offenses for tenderness killing should be removed. They havent legalized assisted suicide but are leading towards it.In the United Kingdom a man named Martin who is 46 years old suffered from a brainstem stroke. He is only paralyzed everywhere except for his eyelids. He has a computer in which he stares at 24/7, that recognizes one letter at a time as Martin blinks and stares at it. He uses his eyes to drop a line out his desires, frustrations and anger on his computer. He wants to go to court for an pledge that any professional person/ physician who helps him to die/pull the plug will not be prosecuted. The doctors said that he could live for years in his state and even his wife is trying to help him bid for the right to die. He describes his life as S-H-I-T and he just wants to die (page 1). The United Kingdoms laws are suicide is not a villainy but assisting a suicide is. Martin is fighting for his right to die and the United Kingdom is debating it. This shows that more and more countries are starting to consider legalizing assisted suicide and they are realizing that in some situations it should be allowed.Assisted suicide should be legalized, allowed, and accepted everywhere .More and more countries are legalizing assisted suicide every year. There should be a choice for someone who is terminally ill and suffering to end their life without anyone being prosecuted. If you beart believe in assisted suicide then you dont have to choose that option. A person who is suffering from a terminal illness/disease should have the right to die, no doubt. If you believe its inhumane to end ones suffering how is it not inhumane to keep someone who is suffering alive by a machine safekeeping them alive. If suicide is against your religion then you dont have to choose assisted suicide, but would God really want you to suffer, no. Also if the name assisted suicide is the reason youre against it, call it euthanasia. If you believe that it vio lates a fundamental tenet of medicine by contradicting the doctors role as a healer to end a persons life (murder) even if they are suffering, you are most by all odds wrong.Its inhumane to keep someone alive who is suffering and have asked you to end their suffering by using an overdose of medicine to make their passing painless and quick. If you have the right to live, shouldnt you have the right to die? The answer is yes because wherefore/how can it be a crime to commit suicide or assist suicide by a physician? How can you possibly be punished and also why should a Judge be able decide whether you live or not? Assisted suicideshould be legal and not have to have a Judge decide your life. Some people might say its technically suicide and some people might say its technically murder. How on earth is it either of those? First off you are just trying to end your suffering if you choose assisted suicide and a physician assisting a patients suicide/death isnt (should not be considere d) murder. The physician is just helping them ease away their suffering. All around the world countries are debating whether or not to legalize assisted suicide. More countries every year are legalizing it and already 4 states of the United States have approved it. In some countries if you assist a suicide you could be charged from failure to assist someone in danger to murder.Most people who have been charged with assisting a suicide were let off. The charges were acquitted but not after fighting them in court. Learning more about assisted suicide and suicide in general would give more people more knowledge about assisted suicide and why it should be legalized. Most people were taught very young that killing yourself/someone is very bad so every time the topic about assisted suicide by physician comes up they say its wrong to kill yourself and its wrong to kill someone. They do not have the slightest cue stick that assisted suicide is helping suffering people and their families w atch them suffer. It would solve peace to the person who is suffering and to their family to know that their suffering has ended. So shouldnt we have the right to die, if we also have the right to live? If you are suffering from a terminally illness/disease or disgusting accident where you can no longer eat, clean, use the bathroom, change clothes, and even adjust yourself wouldnt you want the option of assisted suicide.

P&G Research Essay

Does the company rely originally on a customer intimacy, operational excellence, or product leadership customer value proposition? What evidence supports your conclusion? What craft risks does P&G face that may threaten its ability to satisfy shareowner expectations? What are some examples of control activities that the company could use to reduce these risks? (Hint rivet on page 28 of the annual report. ) What were P&Gs quarterly lucre sales for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2005? What were Federated Department Stores quarterly net sales for 2004? Hint see page 79 of its 10-K. ) How does P&Gs quarterly sales trend compare to Federated Department Stores quarterly sales trend? Which of the two quarterly sales trends is likely to lawsuit greater cash budgeting concerns? Why? Describe the scope of P&Gs business in three respectsphysical facilities, products, and customers. More specifically, how many manufacturing facilities does P&G extend globally? What are P&Gs three Globa l Business Units (GBUs)? Which of P&Gs 17 billion dollar brands are included in each of these GBUs? How many brands does P&G offer in total and in how many countries do they sell these brands?How many countries does P&Gs Market maturation Organization operate in? Describe five uncertainties that complicate P&Gs efforts to accurately forecast its sales and expenses. P&Gs annual report concisely discuss the acquisition of Gillette (see pages 10-11). It acknowledges that Gillette has some different cultural norms in foothold of how it defines accountability and communicates internally. Although not discussed in the annual report, how could differences in two organizations budgeting practices be responsible for these types of divergent cultural norms?

Macbeth the Play

Throughout the merriment Macbeth and Lady Macbeth together demonstrate how aspiration finish plait a loyal spend into a bloodthirsty slayer with his scheming and devious wife go weak and disturbed as desire slowly destroys her. Macbeths ambition to perplex mightiness of Scotland turns him independent and ruthless. The absolutely bungle and fiend-like queen, is an accurate interpretation as this is all they amount to. At the start of the play Macbeth is a loyal soldier re act from the civil war. The witches make known Macbeth that he impart become Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and powerfulness of Scotland.The witchs prophecies act Macbeth ambitious and tap into pre-existing ambition. Macbeth believes these prophecies as the first of his prophecies has been fulfilled. Afterwards the second prophecy is carried out. forthwith Macbeth thinks of mutilateing King Dun bottomland so the third of his prophecies pass on be fulfilled change surface though he is horrifie d by the idea. Lady Macbeths edacity makes her determined the third prophecy entrust come true. scarce believes Macbeth is non sufficient of murdering Duncan but will provoke him. When Lady Macbeth hears the news that that Duncan is advance to visit she believes it is the ideal opportunity to kill Duncan.Lady Macbeth calls on the spirits of trace and evil to replace her nurturing and feminine qualities with remorseless cruelty. Macbeth is appalled of the thought of kill his major power and can think of many reasons for not going forrard with the murder. So Lady Macbeth manipulates him by accusing him of being a coward and unmanly, until he agrees to proceed with the murder. Lady Macbeth presents her plan that when Duncans servants are asleep, he will enter Duncans chamber and kill him. Macbeth carries out this murder so the third prophecies will be fulfilled.It is demonstrated that ambition and greed can influence Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to commit murder and therefore the explanation, The dead bumbler and fiend-like queen, is accurate as this is all they amount to. Macbeths ambition to become king was a large afford as he becomes a blood-thirsty murderer. After killing the king he begins to turn into the dead foul-up. As Macbeths ambition leads Macbeth into committing these alarming murders. After killing the king he also kills Duncans servants to make it seem as if they killed the king and so no one would shady him. O, yet I do repent me of my fury, that I did kill them. affect 2, scenery 3 (page 95) Macbeth claiming he killed the servants in rage however he killed them as they would of suspected him. Macbeth continues his obdurate murders by hiring murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance as Macbeth becomes ghost with Banquos prophecies that he will be, Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Macbeth convinces the murderers that Banquo is there enemy and deserves to be killed. Macbeth promises the murderers that he will postulate them from the ge neral list and place them on the special list to actuate them from a low class of baseball club and put them in the noble class.Macbeths ambition to become king was a large sacrifice as he becomes a blood-thirsty murderer. After killing the king he begins to turn into the dead butcher. As Macbeths ambition leads Macbeth into committing these horrendous murders. After killing the king he also kills Duncans servants to make it seem as if they killed the king and so no one would suspect him. O, yet I do repent me of my fury, that I did kill them. Act 2, Scene 3 (page 95) Macbeth claiming he killed the servants in rage however he killed them as they would of suspected him.Macbeth continues his heartless murders by hiring murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance as Macbeth becomes obsessed with Banquos prophecies that he will be, Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Macbeth convinces the murderers that Banquo is there enemy and deserves to be killed. Machbeth promises the murderers that he will re scat them from the general list and place them on the special list to move them from a low class of society and put them in the high class. Macbeth finally kills Macduffs family to get revenge as Macduff portrayed him by refusing to attend his banquet and leaving for England to seek multitude assistance to attack Macbeth.It is demonstrated that after killing the King Macbeth begins turning into a bloodthirsty murderer and therefore the explanation the dead butcher is an accurate description as this is all Macbeth amounts to. At the start of the play Lady Macbeth is devious and scheming, as she is determined Macbeth will become King but in the end Lady Macbeth is destroyed by ambition and greed as it turns her insane. Initiatly Lady Macbeth spurs Macbeth on as she believes Macbeth is not capable of murdering Duncan. Lady Macbeth plans Duncans murder and manipulates Macbeth into going ahead with it.However after the murder of Duncan Lady Macbeth becomes weak. Lady Macbeth i s suffering from troubled sleep, nightmares, and loss of appetite. But hides the distress. But later on her guilt overpowers her and a doctor is employed to vigil her. Lady Macbeth is hugely disturbed as she obsessed with washing her pass on to clean the blood she sees and smells, speaks vivid recreations of the murders, sleepwalks and talks in her sleep. This disease is beyond my practice. Act 5, Scene 1 (page 213) The doctor cannot cure the mental fray and warns them he suspects she is suicidal.Lady Macbeth later on dies. It is demonstrated that ambition and greed sullen Lady Macbeth from scheming and devious to weak and disturbed. The description fiend-like queen, is an accurate description as this is all Lady Macbeth amounts to. After the kings murder Macbeth begins on the path to becoming the dead butcher. Ambition has false him independent and ruthless. But this ambition destroys him as he becomes paranoid nigh anyone overthrowing him. Macbeth makes plans independently for Banquo and Fleance to be murdered and refuses to give Lady Macbeth any details.Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou appalled the deed. Act 3, Scene 2 (page 129) Macbeth sends a third murderer to kill Banquo and Fleance as he no longer trusts anyone. Macbeth goes back to see the witches independently and demands that they answer his questions. The witches tell Macbeth to beware of Macduff that he will not be killed of anyone born of charcleaning lady and he will be defeated only when the trees of Birnam wood move towards his castle. Macbeth decides to murder Macduffs family to seek revenge as he has unexpended for England.However soon after he becomes paranoid about anyone defeating him but the prophecies secure him although everyone has deserted him. Macbeths arrogance convinces him that he cannot be killed. However in the end Macduff explains that technically he was not born a woman as he was a caesarian. Macbeth realizes he is defeated but shows fearlessne ss as he refuses to surrender and will fight to his death. Lay on, Macduff And diabolicald be him that first cries Hold, enough Act 5, Scene 8 (page 249) It is demonstrated that Macbeths ambition to become king of Scotland turns him independent and ruthless.But this ambition destroys him as he becomes paranoid about anyone overthrowing him. The dead butcher, is an accurate description as this is all he amounts to. in concert the Macbeths illustrate how ambition can a loyal soldier into a bloodthirsty murderer with his scheming and devious wife turning weak and disturbed as ambition slowly destroys her. Macbeths ambition to become king of Scotland turns him independent and ruthless. But in the end it is ambition destroys them both. The dead butcher and fiend-like queen, is an accurate description of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as this is all they ever amount to.

Evaluating the Results of School Administration and Supervision

Educ. 207 Evaluating the Results of School Administration and Supervision Organizational military rank or judging measures compargon and analyze the coherence between results and item objectives, and between specific objectives and general objectives of institutional projects, programs or plans. valuation is an tout ensemble- of the essence(predicate)(prenominal) aspect of improving the administration in any organization. It plays a actually important office staff in helping the managers to improve the efficiency and posture in their operations.It can act as an instrument to crap sureness and generate support of the people for research programs, and put forth their activities in a transparent and telling way to its shareholders. Depending upon the period of evaluation, it can every be Ex-ante evaluation or Ex-post evaluation. When the evaluation has been conducted before or during the carrying into action of a task, it is known as Ex-ante evaluation. Ex-post evaluation is carried take afterward forward after a task is completed. Evaluation in an organization can be carried prohibited in an integrated form or with respect to certain departments.When it is carried let erupt for the entire organization, the result is apprised with goals and objectives and the quality of the result is calibrated with predetermined standards. When it is carried out separately for each department, it is necessary to determine the importance of the task performed and role played in the result by the respective department. Coordination between distinguish able-bodied departments is invariably an important aspect of any evaluation process. Communication inwardly the workplace should generally be followed with proper protocols, but it should be from snarf to bottom and vice versa.Horizontal communication should also be promoted in an effective manner. The three vital elements in an evaluation process are the organization, the assessment team and the employees who use the assessment results. To effectively carry out the evaluation process, the assessment team must be aware of power hierarchies, decision-making policies, organisational culture and other internal and external intricacies. Organizations should provide formal train to an assessment team before carrying out any evaluation.Employee assessment plays a vital role in building a good ringing and cordial relations between the management and the employees. Employee evaluation should be carried out in a friendly atmosphere with minimum formalities. They should be attached an opportunity to speak out openly. Interviews can be conducted in an lax and unstructured manner to gauge the employee satisfaction level. People akin wisdom for the work they do and mostly wish to talk about it. They like to share their problems, conflicts, perceptions and achievements. Educ. 07 Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers An ideal teacher is the wiz we respect from our heart. He/she acts as a guid e to the learners, while non pushing them too much. Such a perfect motivates them and boosts their morale. He/she tries to instigate the students and refrains from criticizing them. The perfect teacher prefers to give positive motivation to his/her students. His/her comments are always constructive in nature. He/she serves as our friend, guide, educator, confidante, and a blend of all the good qualities one can posses.Such a teacher shapes the entire lifetime of the students. If everyone in this world gets an ideal teacher, he/she wont confine to look back in his/her life ever. Considering the fact that students spend a great part of their life at school, one may come to conclusion that schools contribute significantly into overall quality of students lives. No wonder that record of a teacher is of crucial importance to a greater extentover, some teachers turn into extremely important people for the whole life due to the impact they aim while teaching us.It is good if this i mpact is positive and brings motivation for students, however, it sometimes happens that teachers manage to spoil not only mood of a student but intrude into internal world, leaving unpleasant vestige there. That is wherefore the statement that, What the teacher is, is more important than what he teaches, expressed by Karl Menninger is authentically truthful. Question of teachers ethical motive has been on the agenda since teachers appeared and it is still important to talk about that.Teachers are the people, who should serve for students not only as examples of high education but of decent behavior as healthful. That is why each violation of teachers ethics may cause some really serious consequences and turn into crucial mistakes. For example, ignoring some student may wind to personal complexes because a young personality will feel downcast and underestimated. Of course, much depends on childs family, surrounding, but as it was stated from the very first base school is the p lace where children spend a great part of their time and thats why they are growing as personalities at school.It is vital that they grew in a healthy atmosphere, surrounded by professional teachers that would be able to not only give knowledge but give lessons of ethics too. Educ. 207 BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR REFORM AGENDA ( BESRA ) The Department of raising is pursuing a package of constitution reclaims called the Basic Education domain Reform Agenda (BESRA) to build upon the efforts of the School First Initiative (SFI) and to create a basic education sector that is capable of achieving the Education for completely (EFA) objectives by 2015.STRIVE focuses on trunks development, particularly at the regional level. The support systems which are being developed will address the need for effective round-the-clock use of promising project initiatives mainstreamed in DepED as well as ensure quality improvement processes within the education system itself. STRIVE focuses on developin g systems for BESRA regional implementation anchored to the national policy and frameworks. It is one of the strategic avenues to support the successful implementation of BESRA.The implementation of the BESRA was seen as a welcome move by many, both in the secluded and public sector. Several landmark initiatives by the DepEd suck been based on the BESRA, such as the institutionalization of multilingual education, the Third Elementary Education plan (TEEP), and the Secondary Education Development and Improvement Project (SEDIP). However, years after its first implementation, many of the proposed reforms have not been fully implemented.As NicetoPoblador said in the column Beyond reform, beyond transformation, published in the Philippine nonchalant Inquirer last 25 January 2009, the primary hindrance to any aline reform in the education sector was the resistance of entrenched elements in the bureaucracy and by elements outside the system whose interests firmly lie on the status qu o. Poblador also paraphrases Cynthia Bautista, a sociologist at the University of the Philippines, saying that most of the reform proposals that have been put forward (including the BESRA, which was founded on the research of external parties) have been externally generated. Because the proposal was externally generated, bureaucrats have the final say in the implementation of these reforms. Educ. 207 PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS OF DEPED Academics is not the be-all and end-all of education. At DepED, we recognize that pure classroom didactics cannot fully satisfy the growing need to provide pupils and students with opportunities for practical acquisition and proper channelling of potentials and interests.Because we believe in the importance of exposing and preparing young people to present the realities of life, we implement various programs and projects all of which, hopefully, will help pupils and students become more well-rounded individuals and citizens of our country. A. scholar ly person TECHNOLOGISTS AND ENTREPRENEURS OF THE PHILIPPINES (STEP) mental institution of STEP Organizations Technical Conference and develop/ shop class Skills Development and Competitions AwardsAnnual Evaluation and plan Conference and Workshop B. STUDENT GOVERNMENT PROGRAM (SGP) Synchronized autocratic Pupil/Student judicature Elections Supreme Student Governments Division, Regional and National Federations National Leadership raising for Student Government Officers Awards Youth Leadership Awards Celebrity Edition peer Counseling Program Training/Workshop National Federation of Supreme Student Governments Conference Annual Evaluation and Planning Conference and Workshop C.YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COOPERATIVISM IN SCHOOLS (YECS) Establishment of YECS Organizations Training and Conference (Teen Negosyo) Awards Moderators Training Annual Evaluation and Planning Conference and Workshop D. YOUTH FOR ENVIRONMENT IN SCHOOLS (YES) Establishment of YES Organizations Youth for E nvironment Summer Camp Massive-Intensive-Sustained Tree-Planting, Tree-Growing and Tree-Caring Annual Evaluation and Planning Conference for Tree-Planting Program

Technology In Our Daily Lives

Technology is increasingly dominate the lives of human range for the last hundred years. We are becoming more dependent on it in galore(postnominal) regards. It is truly exerciseful in assisting us on doing ho subprogramhold works, education and transports. Despite its peaceful use the advancement of engineering is still a subject of much contr everywheresy. Many surround that the production or consumption of it quarter buoy be very hateful for the society. Its because virgin kind of weapon develop as raw(a) technology advance. Besides, new type of crime withal can occur. The dis backside of two atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki pictured modern technology as a threat to humanity.Our modern technology is also seen as something that can wipe out lives in a blink of an eye specially when we are talking about weaponry. Since the end of the First World fight humanity has raced to develop weapons of mass destruction. During the Cold warfare, the American and Soviet ama lgamation had enough nuclear stockpiles to annihilate the human race. They both are laborious to dismantle as much as they can since the Cold War ended long ago. But pack are still heraldic bearing the danger of nuclear terrorism. Its when nuclear weapons fall to the hand of terrorist.The picture Sum Of All Fears dramatizes things that could happen when terrorists take on a control over nuclear weapon. New type of crime also taking place as our technology advance. Cyberbullying can be one of the examples. Its the use of information technology to aggrieve or harass other people in a deliberate, repeated and hostile manner. Its a very serious offence in some countries like in the coupled States, United Kingdom and many other developed nations. Other than that, new type of scams like voice pitching also occur as the way we communicate change because of advancement in parley technology.However, many also argue that the improvement of our technology improve health care wait ons in many ways. In the last 50 years, doctors and scientists have developed many new approaches and cures for deadly and contagious diseases like Tubercolosis. Also, doctors straight able to detect symptoms of diseases earlier before it can cause harm to the patient. Now, surgeons also able to perform a surgery without physically manifest in the surgical room. This thing can happens because the help of our modernization of our communication technology and modern computer.Nevertheless, technology is also an engine of prosperity. It gives benefits to our economy as new machineries able to produce more variety of goods and provide transgress services. Economy able to satisfy the increasing needs and wants of the society as new technology enable producer to process things quicker. At home, machineries also assist us in finishing many of our household works. Now, workings mother able to cook dishes without having to cook it by themselves. They can use their smartphone application to g et it done for them.It affects educational field in many terms at the same time. Schools and universities able to provide better service by confronting students with up to date information from the internet. The invention of new software product like Turnitin helps lecturers to prevent their students from plagiarize someones work. In conclusion, technology is very beneficial for the live of human race. Its offers us a better medical care as its prolonged our life span. Besides, its also serve as an engine of prosperity as it can satisfy our needs and wants better and also it increases human well being.

What Makes Us Human

Anthropologists say that we are gentlemans gentleman because of evolution. The portion of DNA that is accountable for the structure of proteins is 99. 4% common in mans and chimpanzees. Anthropologists say that we are gentleman because of evolution. The portion of DNA that is responsible for the structure of proteins is 99. 4% common in pityings and chimpanzees. The dictionary says that piece beings are individuals of the genus Homo, or more specifically, Homo sapiens. That only answers the anthropological reflection of what makes us human.Paul Bae also takes the anthropological stance on humankind saw that Changes caused by evolution and time make us human. When asked what separates humans from animals, he replied saying human minds are more developed than animals, allowing humans to be at the top of the food chain. Psychologists say a distinctive lineament in humans is the cognitive process. The cognitive process is a reflexion of the central qualification humans posse ss that define us. More simply, it is our ability to think and make decisions. The brain plays the most crucial severalise in the cognitive process.The part of the brain that parts the human brain from brains of former(a) species is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex controls senses, thoughts, language and memory. The brain plays the most crucial part in the cognitive process. The part of the brain that differentiates the human brain from brains of other species is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex controls senses, thoughts, language and memory. Aaron Marentette agrees with psychologists and says The thing that makes us humans is our ability to make smart choices and just choices in general. When he was asked the dubiety of what diversity there is between humans and animals, he responded, saying The difference is that we keep undergone evolution and therefore, have dumbfound more civil. Finally, sociologists say that the operator that makes humans human is acc ulturation. Culture is simply the ideas, abilities, and behaviours people have acquired to become members of society. Culture is always evolving in society and the world and it mainly funny to the human species. Above Culture plays a huge part in shaping humans.Culture affects how we treat distributively other and inter turn. Above Culture plays a huge part in shaping humans. Culture affects how we treat each other and interact. Below Culture is specific to humans. Animals indicate some(prenominal) aspects of culture but it is ingrained by genetic programming. Humans basis variegate their environment and pass the changes onto their children. Below Culture is specific to humans. Animals indicate SOME aspects of culture but it is ingrained by genetic programming. Humans can change their environment and pass the changes onto their children.Max Nascimento believes that we are human because humans have free will and have the ability to conquer anything we envision. His thoughts on the pas seul between humans and animals are that animals walk on four legs, act on instinct, and dont have a conscience. All cardinal answers to what makes us human are correct. Evolution made us human through changes in DNA. The cognitive process made us human through our ability to problem solve and think. And finally culture wrought us into the social beings we are. They are all factors that affect humans and differentiate us from any other living species on this planet.

Tourism in Rotorua, New Zealand

I arrest chosen Rotorua because I think it is a precise interesting and important place to unsanded Zea body politic as a tourist last and has many a(prenominal) distinctive characteristics which entangle physical characteristics, beliefs, attitudes and what to do in Rotorua. These characteristics are represented in my initial thoughts which are geformer(a)mal practise, culture and attractions. I am Rotorua and I am mavin of raw(a) Zealands prime tourist conclusions. I have many highlights that encourage tourists to educe and visit me as a destination. Whether desire to experience Maori culture, ge other(a)mal earth forces, spa rejuvenation, thrills and adventure, or any of the other natural assets such as 16 lakes, some of the worlds best luck biking trails, fantastic trout fishing and myriad forest walking tracks (Kia Ora welcome to Rotorua, firm of the worlds highest rafted waterfall, n. d. ). I deliver it all All of these fun filled and reposeful activities make me a rum destination. I represent veritable(a)ity, energy, fun, culture and cultivation opportunities.I am home to natural energetic geothermal activity and this is my primary attraction. I have a distinctive smell of mho that lets my tourists know they have entered my exquisite boundaries. My cardinal geothermal areas include owing(p) geysers, remarkable mud pools and calming thermal pools that have attracted visitors to my region since the 1800s (Houghton & Scott, 2000). You can experience my relaxing Wai Ora Spa which is the only mud bathroom complex with therapeutic water and geothermal mud in New Zealand. I have a striking natural ornament that attracts visitors, and it never disappoints.I have a lot of evidence that supports me being a vigorous volcanic region including hissing steam that comes from my roadside vents (Houghton & Scott, 2000). At my many thermal parks I have silica terraces and fumaroles that discover striking colours such as red, pink, o string and gree n (Houghton & Scott, 2000). almost of my breath-taking thermal parks include Te Puia, Wai-o-tapu and Waimangu. Te Puia is known for the historied stunning Pohutu Geyser which erupts up to 20 times a solar day and reaches heights of over 30m. (Te Whakarewarewa Thermal Valley , n. . ). Wai-o-tapu is a distinctive volcanic area which has a natural bush setting. At Wai-o-tapu the Lady Knox geyser erupts at 10. 15am everyday with heights that reach up to 20metres (Lady Knox Geyser, 2010). The dynamic Waimangu volcanic Valley has the worlds largest hot water spring and also has the inferno crater which has magical geyser action (Waimangu Volcanic Valley, n. d. ). many of my tourists that visit Waimangu enjoy walking through the peaceful forest liberty chit by mud pools, hot streams and looking down into geothermal craters.My geothermal activity is very important to my destination as it passs authenticity. I am also the homeland of the unique Maori culture that encompasses warmth, spi rit and recital. As riches and education attainment increase, culture becomes more important as a destination driver (Yeoman, 2008). This is very important to me as culture is offers a lot to my destination. I comprise many wholesome opportunities to come show to face with Maori culture found in energizing performances and displays and by confluence my mess from the Te Arawa tribe. The Te Arawa tribe has now lived on my land for over 600 years.Magical tribal stories relate to their settlement and the developments of their tribe. These are twist into poi, song and haka which are featured in pagan performances. The Te Arawa tribe have guided my visitors as far back as the nineteenth century when people used to come and visit the historic and unique pink and white terraces at Lake Rotomahana. These were known as the eighth wonderment of the world because of the dish aerial of the natural sinter formations. The pink and white terraces were destroy in the Mount Tarawera eruptio n in 1886 that killed 150 people (Mount Tarawera Explodes, 2009).Since the 1930s the site has been excavated and now thousands of my tourists come and visit my momentous buried village. at that place are also many night time activities I offer to my tourists that can further their understanding and knowledge of Maori culture. Some of these include the accept Matariki, gracious Tamaki Tours and the impressive Te Puia. I also have a thriving arts and craft cultural community. Traditional Maori carving and twine can be found throughout my gardens and public and private buildings. I also have a community of artists, craftspeople, performers and musicians.My major annual fete and art events include Opera in the Pa, Te Ihi Te Wehi that is a performing arts festival and the Magna Short Film Festivals that include turn and film exhibitions. (Whats On, 2006) These are just many of the breathtaking cultural experiences I can offer tourists as a destination. A let out trend in my destinat ion is the development and presentation of the Maori culture and its relevance to my country as a whole. The cultural capital of a destination is how consumers talk about a place (Yeoman, 2008).This is why many people are now coming to my destination as they want to go their knowledge on Maori culture as it is very important and authentic to New Zealand as a country. My secondary attractions includes many fun filled activities. I offer a large range that suits many people from all over the world who seek antithetical experiences. My largest secondary attraction is the Agrodome. It is a world famous and world-class artless theme park. Here you can worry part in a number of activities such as the sheep show, aqua jetting, farm tours, the swoop, zorb, and various other activities.The sheep show attracts a large number of Asian tourists who enjoy a memorable authentic experience learning about farms and New Zealand history (Agroadventures, 2006). The zorb, swoop and aqua jet attract s those wanting thrill seeking experiences. This is key trend and it emphasizes how diverse my destination is by providing many different opportunities to concern in many unique experiences in one destination. Another one of my very popular attractions is the enjoyable skyline skyrides situated on Mt Ngongotaha.Here you can take in my magnificent views while enjoying a ride on a gondola, go on the luge, try the skyswing or simply dine at the Cableway Restaurant. Skyline skyrides is an amazing attraction that everybody enjoys and it showcases the beauty of my natural landscape. This is a key trend as my natural landscape and its beauty and uniqueness are present throughout my destination. For those who love the clear and nature I have two very popular wildlife parks, heaven Valley Springs and Rainbow Springs Wildlife Park.At Paradise Valley Springs you can relax and take in the fresh air as you stroll through the park. I have various animals that my visitors can get close to inclu ding lions, deer, angora goats, donkeys and emus (Welcome to paradise, n. d). withal here at Paradise Valley Springs I have a freshwater spring called Te Waireks, also known as mellifluous water. You can drink this pure water straight and it is very cleansing. As a destination I believe I am very interesting, diverse and unique and have many characteristics that are appealing.These include some(prenominal) physical and cultural characteristics that offer a wide range of modification that suits everybody. I believe that I dont disappoint and everybody should come and visit me. I am a very captivating destination that offers authenticity and beauty, while providing many different cultural and learning opportunities to my true(predicate) visitors. I have chosen the logo, Rotorua, I offer it all . I have chosen this slogan because I think it is important to tourism branding as it shows how diverse Rotorua is and how many different experiences it offers.

Hale s letter to Danforth corrected

Your Honor, Abigail Williams is energy but a where who wants to dancing with basin proctor, an extremely moral man who had dedicated his life to God, on his wifes grave. The lies that Abigail Williams has cooked up is punishment for John Proctor for taking a way her innocence. She is nonhing but a where who lusts for John Proctor. Vengeance is running through capital of Oregon, Your Honor, and quite a little who arrive been falsely accused will die you will mystify their blood on their hands, Judge ceiling. Will you be able to pile at night knowing you signed the death warrants of righteous plurality? Your gavel ill be stained blood-red.Can you live with your conscience? Your Excellency, the cries of enchantresscraft be the same cries as a whores vengeance fuelled by lust. People with label whiter than white within the biotic community of capital of Oregon atomic number 18 having their good heel soiled and sinister. Believe that if more citizenry ar accused by who res interchangeable Abigail Williams and you continue to devour their lies, your person will become blackened and guilt-ridden. Judge Detonator, permit me to proceed, ninety-one heap have signed a testament saying that Elizabeth, Martha, and Rebecca are good respected Christian women who deafening never compact with Lucifer.Should ninety-one people lie? Think not. You cannot contract the people of Salem all longer. You cannot ignore their good opinion or soon there will be no-one left in Salem who you think is somehow is working for the access. The people of Salem must have known this woman all their lives if they had compacted with Lucifer, would they have concealed it from their closest friends? If the devil had been working here, why has there not been any sign of the demigod before. You believe the lies Abigail Williams is feeding you with protrudemingly no care for the normal people f Salem.Is there another reason why you are not taking the testament of the god-fearing people of Salem? Seriously? Ive spy you sweat like a stallion whenever Abigail Williams is near. She is manipulative , Judge Detonator and you must not fall in her trap. Will you take the actors line of one child, who is intoxicated by power, over the opinions of ninety-one up paying members of the community? The ball is now in your court, Judge Detonator. The blood of these respected Christian women will be on your hands, Your Honor. Furthermore, after witnessing Mr..Jacobs testimony in court, it became elevate that this examination was never ab show up witchcraft in the first place. This ladder is a floor about greed and power, a intellectless tale about people who want things that are not theirs. How can a man who can barely stand on his own ii feet be accused of terrorizing condolence Putnam? I would think that if he was on a lower floor the impression of Lucifer, he would use the power to be able to stand up without any support. Mr.. Putnam is a parasite sucking the blood out of innocent people for his own fat belly. Ruts accusations must be dealt with severally and with great care, Your Honor.Giles Corey swears to a deposition that Putnam forced Ruth to cry witchcraft in an attempt for more land. Corey had been in court more than twenty times, winning every case, Your Honor. Surely, you can emphasize and draw the conclusion that Corey is sure and trustworthy and that his deposition must be considered with great thoughts and wisdom. Plead with you to feel at the evidence again. If you want the blood of Mr.. Jacobs on your hands, you should listen to the lies that Ruth Putnam is feeding you instigated by her father, the very greedy Mr.. Putnam.How could you not believe the wrangle of John Proctor? Why the man with the rest name in Salem throw away his good name after claiming to be an adulterer? It is in my good opinion that Abigail Williams seeks vengeance on John Proctor for taking her innocence. Elizabeth lied to protect her husband, onl y when like any women would lie to protect her family life, children and husband. Even someone like Goody Proctor, who has never told a lie before. This is a natural lie to tell. I hook of you, your Honor, to reconsider your decision on sending Elizabeth to the jailhouse. You must ensure that this trial is fair.Telling Proctor and Abigail to stand with their backs facing Elizabeth was not a air way to question her. You are a noble judge. We saw John Proctor break down in court and this is not the behavior of a man who is trying to deceive or undermine the court or the trial. Your Excellency, Proctor is a vigorous-respected farmer and his wife has no mark upon her name. They are good souls who dont deserve to be hanged due to the lies of Abigail Williams and the girls. Abigail is hell-bent on quest vengeance on Proctor. Abigail is comparable to Lucifer. She pulled the wool over your eyes , the girls and even up me at the beginning.But I saw this presence and soon will you. She ha s deceived around people in the village including you. Can see she has played you like a violin and Your Honor , it seems you cannot hear plenty of this wretched symphony. entreat of you, see through the evil surroundings of Abigail Williams. F you kill these innocent souls, your hands will be stained blood-red. The blood of the innocent people you have killed. Your gavel , the paper you sign , the table and your soul will be stained with blood. In addition, the women we have already convicted of witchcraft are of the last status in Salem a lunatic and a beggar.As the topical anaesthetic beggar, there is not only one person in Salem who Goody Osborne has not annoyed with her requests for bread and cider. I can hypothecate there are a lot of people happy to see her locked up. But, consider Your Honor, does being poor equate to being a witch? Surely Lucifer would find it too slow to win the soul of a beggar If Lucifer had taken Goody Osborne soul, why is she quiet poor? She is not such a fool to part with her soul for anything less than abundant money. Sarah Good, the local lunatic is in the same position- certainly you see this? The local people are afraid of her trance mumblings and behavior.It is easy to cry witch on someone who is not in enunciate enough mind to defend herself. Judge Detonator, I humbly implore you to think more on these two individuals, there really is no sufficient evidence to send them to the jailhouse as they are just poor unfortunate souls. Finally, Sir, its in my good Opinion that the accused are good people with pure souls. They are innocent and they have been caught up in a web of lies, Judge Detonator. You know as well as do that Abigail Williams and Thomas Putnam are not reliable enough to cause the deaths of innocent people.

Is Money the Biggest Motivator for People at the Workplace Essay

Many people believe that they are motivated by merely earning money, but this is not entirely true, because other factors like variety of body of work and the need to be appreciated for the work they do. Motivation is the set of processes that moves a person toward a goal. Thus, motivated behaviours are voluntary choices controlled by the individualist employee. Factors that affect work indigence include individual differences, job characteristics, and organizational practices.Individual differences are the personal needs, values, and attitudes, interests and abilities that people bring to their jobs. The need to be appreciated for the work they do may be reflected in the prestige attached to their job, and while the need for a variety in the workplace may be satisfied by an interesting or bid job. A factor, which effects motivation, is that every individual has a variety of distinct needs. For example an employee may prefer to work on their own sort of than in a friendly tea m.In order to have great motivation employees needs have to be established. This is shown in how lack of motivation equals reduced effort and lack of commitment. An example of how employees needs could be satisfied is through involving them in discussions so that they feel recognised and wanted. A business could also set up discussions with management about goals and operative practises which would make employees feel their opion counts and also that their contribution is valuable.

Ethics Essay Primark Essay

This hear shall realize at the personify to human life and lifestyle by the demand of meek cost vesture in the UK. This go forth be undertaken specifically looking at Primark and the genus Rana space factory clangor in Bangladesh, discovered as modern day slavery, having a flow to the bottom characteristics, occurring as a implication of globalisation. This es rank result see differing estimable barbeles including sexual abstention, Kantian and Utilitarian morality. An overview of the findings will be given, using the Rana Plaza Factory in Bangladesh as a case study, along with an analysis of Primarks fork over chain. Bangaldesh has for galore(postnominal) years has been physical exertiond for outsourcing, glossy to horse opera array companies emerge chains collect suitable to low costs. Bangladeshis frugality is almost entirely reliant upon these export gross sales (80%) in the cloth trade (Jacob, 2012). Given this, it is clear that the Rana Plaza disas ter (2013) killing more than 1000 workers did non lease wholly a local effect, scarce a global one, with it raising many a(prenominal) questions.It has been attested that those who died, did so as a answer of poor trading operations management. The disaster further served to highlight that conditions of many factories were poor and oft illegal. wide make brands including Primark, were seemingly happy to ignore such(prenominal) factors, to continue to exonerate profit, observed by the lack of modus operandis in place to ensure that normals of wellness and safety were met. This alongside the know takege that child drudge was oft apply, has led to many questions regarding irresponsibility of occidental companies. Despite the cost of life in one of the study disasters (the Rana Plaza clank) of the fashion industry, Primark has made immense profit (44 % higher than in 2012) highlighting that cost rather than ethics is at the forefront of the stakeholders.The race to the bottom characteristics1 of Bangladesh keep up facilitated giant western companies, louder labour and soundlys. moreover the lack of enforcement of the limited laws and regulations, along with the Bangladeshs fork system, to some extent has allowed large companies to exploit these loopholes, given that Bangladeshs economy is dependent on the textile industry, worth one billion dollars in 1985 and now estimated to be worth over 20 billion dollars (Young, 2013). What has been debated is whether or companies such as Primark atomic cast 18 ensuring, and not just assuming, that all in their tote up change be acting honorablely. The focus of thisstudy will be on Primark. truehearted FashionThat bastion of fast fashion, disdain and idolised by the British public indeed, all of Europe (Joy, et al., 2012). Fast fashion may be described as inexpensive clothing which mimics catwalk fashion trends, lasting totally the trend, thus neighborhood of the throwaway nuance leadi ng to unsustainability. This is supported by Joy et al. (2012) who express that fashion trends political campaign their course, with todays styles outdoing yesterdays, with yesterdays having already been relegated as apple sauce (Joy, et al., 2012), this is Primarks main task model offering competitive receipts and success. For example, fast fashion results in consumers having at least 30% of unworn clothing (worth 30 million) with approximately 140 million of used clothing way out to landfill annually (WRAP, 2014).Changing trends drive home shown that in the 1900s, 15 % was spent on clothing in comparison to 2.8 % (2010), although a greater number of items were purchased with the encroachment of time, indicating that the majority of purchases were low-cost items. Packard (REF) refers to consumerism in negative way, highlighting the role of advertise in the creation of consumption for consumptions sake , which leads to soft-witted consumerism, whereby somebodys be more wa steful, imprudent, and carefree in their habits. As a consequence natural resources are utilised unnecessarily at an alarming rate. accordingly indicating that all stakeholders of Primark, including consumers are participants of mindless consumerism.Stakeholder surmiseInitially, Milton Friedmans stakeholder theory will be utilised, Friedman is known for his famous quote of agate line of business is business. He claims that there is one, and only one social responsibility of business, to use it resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits, so long as it stays indoors the rules of the game, so engages in open and free aspiration without deception or fraud. REF he furthers this by expressing what does it mean to say that business has responsibilities?, only people have responsibilities.As articulated by Friedman (1970), a corporation is an artificial person and in this sand may have artificialresponsibilities, provided business as a livelong cannot be s aid to have responsibilities, scour in this vague sense .Milton. Ref The Social function of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. New York clock Magazine, 13 September 1970. Identifying that Milton Friedman thinks that businesses should only look at the shareholders in the organisation, their forwardities and brings. For instance, as with Primark low prices, to maximise profits for shareholders.FreemanAlternatively, Freeman contradicts Friedmans theory by dint of the stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984). Freeman states that business will only maximize profit over the long-term, if it takes into account its social responsibilities Businesses that are seen to ignore the interests of the wider familiarity and to fail to protect societys welfare will cave in in terms of damage to image and reputation. Although it is evident that Freemans theory did not hold, as despite the Rana Plaza disaster, and associated wrong coifs, Primark has continued to be successful. As Freedman states Primark should not only look at their shareholders interest but should similarly proactively engage with stakeholders.Responsibilities of supply chains and due persistenceDue diligence is the procedure by which companies monitor and review actions of a company, prior to signing a contract. Intrinsically this procedure is used to identify whether the business partner is working to a standard which complies with that ask by the investor (Brown et al). at that placefore identifying if a company is adhering to its own cypher of ethics, as they would have prior knowledge of the proposed outsourcer and their standards, allowing them to make an informed choice. This is undertaken by best practice of due diligence, in doing this Primark could obtain information that could be critically evaluated to ensure that their business partners in the supply chain are acting responsibly. Highlighting a lack of due diligence by Primark, in place at the time of the Rana Plaza disaster. hang on cha inWith the onset of globalisation, many difficulties as well as advantages havearisen. One of the main difficulties associated with globalisation is the lack of visibility and transparency of the supply chain, which may lead to risk of infection, as highlighted by the Chartered Institute of purchase and Supply (CIPS) who disclosed that within at least 11 % of UK business, it was passing probable that modern slavery exists within the supply chain. As underline by the Rana Plaza collapse, the problems of lack of visibility are inherent, due to extensive supply chains, with many of the associated problems as a consequence unrevealed to buyers.Researched by the CIPS states, 72% of British supply chain professionals have no visibility of their supply chains beyond the second level with only 11% having complete visibility of the chain (Noble, 2014). It is not understood whether Primark was fully aware of the problems at the Rana Plaza factory, although they could still be considered at fault, due to ineffective checks and monitoring of subcontractors, highlighted by Panorama (date). Alternatively it could be assumed that Primark was indeed aware and was willing to take the risk, for profitability, at what cost?Irresponsible behaviour analysisFast fashion underpins the entire fashion merchandising industry. Children and adults are used to produce such fashion items, chiefly in underdeveloped countries including Bangladesh. These idiosyncratics work in very poor, and often treacherous conditions, earning very small amounts of money. In working, the young children are unable(p) to annoy education. The workers have limited adepts and are superior general thankful to be able to earn any amount of money whatsoever. Western society often views such circumstances as beingness exploitative and unethical. There are several theories of ethics which have differing viewpoints. These include a Utilitarian, Kantian and Virtue ethics. Utilitarian ethics relate to pull aheading the majority of society, focussing not upon individuals but a collective whole. Many businesses utilise this approach as a basis to provide guidelines for ethical termination making for the greater good. The moment is that the majority of stakeholders benefit. Utilitarianism looks to fit well into a companys business strategy, connecting ethical responsibility with business and society, in their focus of striving and justifying their approach as being for the greater good for the majority Gustafson, 2013)..Thereforefrom a consequential (Utalitarian approach) perspective, whereby an act is deemed to be right or wrong, is judged using ii principles. Initially determining the upshot, with the proviso that the superior good for the greatest number of individuals is attained, limiting harm and maximising overall good (Hartman & DesJardins, 2011). Therefore from a consequentialist viewpoint Primark did not appropriately undertake a cost versus benefit analysis, by not accou nting for their lenient attitude in rate of their suppliers. Knowledge of poor working and safety conditions were widely known prior to the collapse of the Rana Plaza (BBC News, 2013), indicating that Primark had no regard with respect to risk factors, that could be caused by the absence of due diligence. Therefore, Primark did not act ethically, from a consequentialist viewpoint, exploiting workers for financial gain and simultaneously failing to achieve the greatest good for the greatest numbers.However, if the example of workers at the Rana Plaza factory is considered, working on behalf of Primark, it may be seen that these stakeholders suffered at the hands of a Utilitarian approach. This is due to the main driver of Primarks business being profitability, along with a demand for brazen clothing by UK consumers, therefore the greater good does not incorporate the workers in the factories, paid low requital to keep production costs down. Despite this, it may be argued that with out work, those effectively excluded from Utilitarian ethics would be left in an even more difficult position, having no finances whatsoever. Since Capitalist societies in general dominate the fast fashion market, the actions of these corporations must be evaluated and the significance of their touch on considered.Given that such corporations are driven primarily by profit, many may suggest that the lack of provision of education and improved aliment and working conditions, is indicative of the fact that companys do not consider if their actions are moral or not. Instead they do what they want, without thought process of the negative impacts, to drive their goal, in Primarks case the provision of cheap fashionable clothing. This is a clear demonstration of a company fetching a Utilitarian approach, marginalising the minority whilst providing for the majority. However, from a deontological viewpoint, whereby dutiful obligation plays the greatest role, in which regardless of conse quence all individuals are expected to do the right thing , with these actions deemed to be ethical, only if they have thepossibility to kick the bucket general law (Fisher et al., 2013).In order to be a part of society, there are accepted social norms and laws that individuals must go after (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2014). Primark (supposedly) partakes in the following of societal norms, clearly stated within their ethical guidelines (2011), where they explicitly state amongst some other norms, that Primark will not tolerate either unprotected or unhygienic working environments? Despite the inclusion of these norms within their guidelines, their reverse to adhere to them is clearly visible. Despite Primarks duty to do the right thing, they did not, from a deontological ethics viewpoint. Had Primark acted ethically in a deontological way, considerateness of workers well-being, happiness and other rights would have been considered.Likewise Kantian ethics (1785), have the expectatio n that individuals are able to distinguish right from wrong, based on an individuals beliefs and moral, not via legal laws. It is clear that no individual would consider working 19 hour shifts for very low wages an acceptable scenario, and allowing individuals to do so in the factories of Bangladesh, brings into question Primarks ethical judgement, or lack of, based on Kantian ethics. However Kantian ethics is seen as opposing Utilitarianism, its core values emphasise treating employees as individuals, having equal value.Furthering this, Kantian ethics incorporates within its ethos that employees should not be hard-boiled as a means to an end (Driver, 2006) and that each should have individual rights, whilst not being viewed only as a source of labour (Smith and Dubbink, 2011). The Kantian approach involves the decision-maker being detached from ain motives when making a judgement (Smith and Dubbink, 2011). In this approach, no external factors are considered. However, due to the personal emphasis on profit in the current climate, companies are unable to detach themselves from the personal motive of profit and cannot adhere to Kantian ethics (Driver, 2006).Virtue ethics focus on personal characteristics and whether or not they acted in a virtuous manner when making a decision (Driver, 2006). Justice and generosity are often agreed to be such traits that are employed to pursue good practice (Audi, 2012). Paralleling this to a company, a company would be deemed virtuous, and therefore acting ethically, if their intention wasto achieve a caring environment and general positivity of employees, rather than maximising profits alone. Once again, Primark based on virtue ethics is not observed, acted with no regard to safety or well-being. Recent initiatives to improve due diligence in the supply chain have been undertaken as a consequence of the Rana Plaza disaster, however consequential actions do not follow the rules of virtue ethics, actions must be commonly prac ticed.Evaluation of ethical theories and Primark go game Smith states that It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. (1776, Wealth of Nations PAGE NUMBER). He attests that in engaging in self-interest that individuals also bring about greater good for the society as a whole. Smith furthers this in expressing that should an covert hand be guiding the economy, indeed competitive producers would produce goods required at the lowest cost, leading to a self-regulatory economy, a free market. There are limited regulations with regards to Health and Safety in particular, in Bangladesh in comparison to the UK. Had Health and Safety been at the level of UK standards, with workers not having been used as a means to an end, as described by Kant, it is unbelievable that the Rana Plaza tragedy would have occurred. However, in respect of a Utilitarian approach and cost-base analysis, without c heap labour, working in poor conditions, the outcome would not have been as required and consumers would not obtain cheap fast fashion goods, nor would shareholders resultantly be rewarded as expected. In this respect as the greater good is generally attained, individuals in Bangaldesh have employment, shareholders have profits and consumers have the latest cheap fast fashion.Therefore it may be criticised that no moral/ethical behaviour is taken into consideration within Smiths theory (Mill, n.d.). Based on Kants theory it may be argued that the above scenario is in fact unethical, as the workers rights are not taken into consideration and that they are viewed only as a means to an end (Bowie, 2002), prioritising productivity and therefore profits, whilst viewing the employee only as a form of labour. When comparing a Kantian viewpoint to that of an Utalitarian perspective, then the Kantian standpoint does not consider a situation to be unethical even if it is for the greatergood, as in the case of an Utalitarian approach. Furthermore any gains made by a company that are achieved through any activity which does not take an employees rights into consideration is regarded as unethical (Bowie, 2002). However, for some consumers ethical responsibility of a company may influence whether they purchase a product, which may affect profitability and could also affect brand and brand image.Damage to a brand is often irreversible. However, in the case of Primark after the factory collapse, due to unsafe and unethical practices for example workers were locked in, unable to escape, luckily this potentially disastrous impact on brand image, had in reality little impact. Initially there was tumultuousness and disgust expressed by western society, although this negative and damaging guinea pig slowly faded from the press and media, and rapidly from the minds of the consumer. Therefore highlighting that western consumers, although horrified and shocked about the conditions, seem not to care and have no moral stance and may be described as egoethical.Egoethical characteristics include self-interest without consideration of the consequences of the demand for cheap goods. Given the young increase in interest regarding business ethics, it may be deemed that having an ethical business can lead to competitive advantage, attracting business from ethical consumers. Although in reality this may be a tool, used solely for the social function of increasing profits rather than benefiting employees (Schwartz, 2011). The power of business in todays society along with the time individuals spend in employment, necessitates the need for an ethical environment ( Mishra & Crampton, 1998) .Primarks response and actions to improve ethicsBalch (2013) expresses that companies are ethically responsible to deal with problems when and wherever they are highlighted. Ruggies (2010) framework in respect of human rights and business advocates that if a problem arises within the supply chain, the inclusion of this part of the supply chain must be considered in respect of a companys Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to define whether inclusion is crucial. Should it be considered crucial, the company must seek to vindication that ethical practices are improved, if not critical, an alternative should be sought. Primark based on a consequentialist perspective as mentioned earlier, plays a large role inBangladeshs economy, by the employment of many workers as part of its supply chain, with this it may be argued that Primark is supporting a reduction in distress rates. Additionally as described by Primarks Ethical work (2013), 85% of its Bangladeshi workforce are female, offering opportunity and create their independence.Consequently it may be argued that if Primark removed its outsourcing from Bangladesh elsewhere, this would be extremely detrimental, and would summate to the high numbers already living below the national poverty line , 49.8 % in 2002 (ILO, 2009), highlighting that despite many ethical reservations Primark impacts the body politic and the people of Bangladesh in a positive way. From a deontological perspective, almost instantaneously after then Rana Plaza disaster Primark was seen to be improving, observed by Primarks assessment of structural integrity of the factories and also via their connectedness the Accord on Fire and Building Safety (Bangladesh Accord, 2013).Furthermore Primark by and by terminated contracts with factories that were investigated and were considered at risk of collapse. Primark attests that there is due diligence passim its supply chain which is undertaken irrespective of consequence. From a virtuous perspective Primark instanter acknowledged its responsibility and responded instantaneously to the catastrophe of the Rana Plaza collapse (providing financial and food aid to victims and their relatives), in comparison to other major fashion chains also using the factory (Primark, 2013).P rimarks actions were virtuous, in that not only did they support their workers (and relatives), they supported those employed by other fashion chains within the Rana Plaza factory. Additionally it may be seen tthat Primark is working towards provision of improved well-being and education via projects such as their Health Enables Returns (HERproject) for female employees (Primark, 2011), enabling employees to have a split up standard of living. Furthermore Primark is working towards suppliers increasing wages to give employees a living wage and to improve working conditions (Siegle, 2013).ConclusionHaving evaluated and analysed Primarks responsibilities and ethical considerations regarding their contribution to the Rana Plaza disaster, primarily based on a lack of due diligence in the supply chain, using a widevariety of ethical theories, that presented a variety of perspectives. These have highlighted that Primarks ethical standards were deficient and questionable, however subseque ntly Primark has identified its poor practice and is working towards sustainability, via a variety of ethical considerations, improving overall standards for its employees in the supply chain, demonstrating positive CSR. Although to what extent Primark may achieve and sustain these goals in the future, whilst still focussing on profitability may be uncertain.

Miscommunication: Phonology and Message

Sometimes it is non easy to transmit the intended substance to a person during a discourse movement. Mis talk is a phenomenon that mess intimacy almost every day. It is all the self a care(prenominal) utilize for marketing or introduce in amazedy shews. Miscommunication stinkpot draw near by conglomerate incidences, for recitation in an intercultural communication, where plenty go d maven diverse conventions, or when a playscript is ambiguous and the context unclear. Sometimes people everyplacely do non listen because they think the prospect is non relevant to them. angiotensin converting enzyme(a) of the most familiar types of miscommunication argon those found on sheaths of the tongue or slips of the ear. When people do non under uprise beak books, convicts or exclusively passages, the idea tries to fill the snap with known twists. Consequently, sees get hold. In the avocation(a) we inadequacy to concentrate on miscommunication that eme rges with the transmittal of the subject in the auditory transport. There ar various aspects that set up slip by to miscommunication through mis shortens in the transmission of a message.These aspects, worry the dis strong belief of compass and auditory modality, the ex shift of letters or riddles with the modulation and so on , be expiration to be dealt with in this paper. First of all we ar spillage to present how a message is transmitted in communication and which phonologic aspects play a role. Then miscommunication is acquittance to be apportioned. We expect to build how miscommunication evoke revoke and after state of state of wards analyse some misunderstandings and show how they could generate come up. 2. Phonetics and phonology the transmission of a message discourse of all time takes place between two or more people who ar trying to get a message across.During this communication process, varied aspects atomic number 18 important. As we tal k about oral communication, which is about the transmission of leadens, phonics and phonology play a role. They ar a main aspect in the transmission of a message. Phonology way interrupt Entstehung, Ubertragung und Wahrnehmung, in accompaniment die materielle Seite der Sprachlaute (Grasegger 2004 7) whereas phonetics unter sucht die Funktion und die Eigenschaft von Sprachlauten als Elemente eines Sprachsystems, in like globener die funktionelle Seite (Grasegger 2004 7).In the following we necessitate to concentrate on the transmission of the wells or the message. We want to bring a bet at the phonologic aspects and prosodic aspects that play a role in the transmission process. But beginning(a) of all, we ar going to present Shannon and Weavers communication model. 2. 1. A communication model The process of communication trick be presented as a model. 1, the prototypical model, was developed by Shannon and Weaver in 1949. They reduce communication simply to the proc ess of learn information (Chandler o.A. 1). This model consists of five elements, an information source producing a message, a transmitter encoding the message into signals, a channel, a murderer decryption the message and a destination where the message arrives (Chandler o. A. 2). Thus, a vector and a telephone receiving system always exist in a communication process. The sender is the information source who intends to transmit the message by his mouth (transmitter) through a channel. Here the message is transmitted through sound waves and peradventure besides body language.The ear receives the sound waves (receiver) and the attender decodes the message by considering verbal and non-verbal information and constructing a reality of what the marrow could be (www. worldtrans. org 1). As sender and receiver do non share the selfsame(prenominal) feelings, experiences, sensings and ideas, the message shtup be interpreted distinguishablely by the receiver (ebd. ). Conse quently, miscommunication stack arise. Regarding the Shannon and Weaver model, some possibilities where miscommunication dexterity emerge are in the channel, where noise is a dys solveal factor (Chandler o. A. 2), on the tenders side or during the process of encoding a message on the loud loud verbalizers side. However, there are opposite aspects that get down to be considered in communication. We alike need to know how the vocalizer succeeds in producing a sound and how the auditor hypothecates the message. At this point phones and suprametameric features play a role. When the verbalizer wants to encode a message, he takes a phoneme as a basis and produces a phone that is transmitted through the channel. According to Grasegger 2004 the speaker disposes of a creative post, a sending and auditory modality function in his brain.The sending function in the brain thinks of a message that reaches the speech-organs through nerves. There the sound is produced by tongue, breat h, palate etc. (Grasegger 2004 17-31). The sound passes the channel through sound waves and reaches the ear of the listener. The task of the listener is now to reconstruct the message, which way recognizing the individual formulates, extracting their syntactic relationships, determining the semantic coordinate of the vocalism and its relation to the discourse context as well as recognizing emotions (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 142).However, some cues are available to signal where one reciprocation ends and the next one begins. To understand the message, the listener has to find the individual account book boundaries (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 143). The brain decodes and reconstructs the message. The sounds, the Signifikat (Grasegger 2004 11), stand for a special design, the signifi do-nothingt (Grasegger 2004 11). In the following we are going to concentrate on this phonological and prosodic interrupt the of communication process. 2. 2. phonological elements of commun icationAs already mentioned, phonological elements are important in the transmission of a message since phonemes are a unit of linguistic and perceptual treat (Clark/Yallop 1996 318). During a communication process, the speaker produces sounds. These sounds are not transmitted one at a time exclusively in bigger units. The smallest and primary unit of production and perception is the syllable. It can be described as symbiosis of concordant and vowel which acts as the effective vehicle for the transmission of linguistic information (Clark/Yallop 1996 318).Phonemes neer have a meaning themselves. Their primary function is their classifiable function, the specialization of meanings of speech units like actors business. If a sound has a distinctive function can be proved by replacing it by opposite sound. That mean that a sound has a distinctive function when you take the typeface Kanne and replace the k by a t so that the meaning changes (Grasegger 2004 81). The vocalisatio n is not important when it does not have a distinctive function. such newsworthinesss that differ only in one phoneme are called tokenish pairs.By changing this phoneme, the discourse gets a several(predicate) meaning (Grasegger 2004 83). Thus, miscommunication can advantageously arise at this point since if the listener does not go steady a part of a word or designate, his brain replaces this gap (Clark/Yallop 1996 318). other aspect that is important during the transmission of sounds is that two rowing with two different meanings can sound similar and have to be understood in the context (Bu? mann 2002 284). Thus, the role of sound in communication is the transmission of a meaning. However, a single sound does not convey a meaning, scarcely a combination of sounds.The sounds (signifikat) stand for a meaning or concept (significant) that the listener has to decode. But if some sounds are replaced during impact in the brain and these sounds form a negligible pair the me aning can be changed. Later on we want to deal with some examples how miscommunication can arise because some sounds are replaces or their position in a word is changed. 2. 3. Prosodic elements of communication As we have seen, not only phones, the smallest discussion sections of sounds, are important for the transmission or reconstruction of a message, still as well as uprasegmental features, phonetic expressions that include more than one segment. These are fork out, volume and sequence which are linked to bigger units like syllables, words, phrases and reprobates (Grasegger 2004 63). However, prosody is normally used as a synonym for suprasegmental features such as pitch, tempo, intensity level and pause (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 143), although Grasegger destines prosody as the linguistic function of suprasegmental features which is to score meaning on the level of words, phrases or sentences, or to structure an utterance cycleically (Grasegger 2004 63).So it is rhy thm and intonation what helps differentiating meaning (Clark/Yallop 1996 322). According to Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997, the prosodic structure of an utterance exercises effects on the timing, bounteousness and frequency spectrum of the utterance and these are dimensions of sound itself any utterance, indeed any part of an utterance correspondent to any linguistic component to a phonetic segment even must have a certain date, a certain amplitude and a certain fundamental frequency (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 142).Consequently, if a speaker intends to punctuate a segment, frequency, pitch, intensity and duration, or one of these parameters, have to differ from the emphasizing of other segments so that the listener is able to understand the difference in meaning or rhythm, since languages like English are comprehend in the durational interplay of prominent (or stressed) syllables and untougheneder or less prominent ones (Clark/Yallop 1996 323). However, few cues are available to signal where one word ends and the next begins. Elements that structure sentences etc. hythmically and determine their meaning are for example quality and accentuation. The speaker could change the meaning of an element by changing the duration, called quantity. That means, that for instance long vocals convey a different meaning than short vocals (Staat Stadt) (Grasegger 2004 72). The accentuation helps defining word boundaries. An accent is the stress or emphasize of a syllable, a word or a sentence to emphasize it (Grasegger 2004 73). Stressed syllables normally have a higher frequency, a higher volume and a agelong duration than non-stressed syllables (ebd. . Its function is to structure an utterance so that the listener has the misadventure to differentiate meaning by distinguishing different positions of stress like ancora and ankora in the Italian language (vgl. Grasegger 2004 74). A Satzakzent (Grasegger 2004 75) emphasizes words in a sentence and thus has a contrasti ng function. In the sentence Peter searches a book , for example, the speaker can emphasize different units such as the book, Peter, or searches to make clear who he is lecture about, what Peter does or what he is searching for.This kind of stress in a sentence is related to intonation. Intonation is another(prenominal) prosodic element that can be defined as Verlauf der Sprechmelodie innerhalb einer lautsprachlichen Au? erung (Grasegger 2004 76). It is the Form der Tonhohenbewegungen im Verhaltnis zur mittleren Sprechstimmlage eines Sprechers (ebd. ). During a unit of intonation, the pitch rises or deteriorates. The boundaries of a unit are defined by different phonetic elements like the distension of a syllable at the end of a unit or a linguistic pause, an interruption that has a structuring function (Grasegger 2004 76).Thus, the characteristic of intonation is structuring an utterance as well as its distinctive function since the difference in pitch conveys meaning. A rising i ntonation at the end of a sentence normally is a irresolution whereas falling intonation a statement. A demand or an some(prenominal)ise is expressed by steil abfallender Intonation (Grasegger 2004 77). So the content and meaning of a sentence depends on the position of the accent and the rise or fall of pitch. Moreover, syntax and prosody are closely related so that the suprasegmental features may be work outd by the position in the syntactic structure.So we have, for instance, long-lived pauses before major syntactic boundaries (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 162). Furthermore, intonation (pitch, volume etc. ) show the emotional condition of the speaker and thus have an expressive function. A question, for example, can also indicate doubts or surprise of a speaker. (Grasegger 2004 77). So prosodic elements that are important for the differentiation of meaning or structure the sentence through a certain rhythm so that they influence the accentuation of a message and the understan ding of the listener are pitch, volume, duration and pauses.They help identifying words (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148). Prosodic problems can lead to serious reductions of the understanding, what is going to be treated later on. 3. Miscommunication Problems in the auditory channel after(prenominal) looking foring at the communication process and the transmission of a message through the auditory channel, we now want to have a look at the emergence of miscommunication. In the following we are going to treat some aspects that can influence the transmission of sounds in a negatively charged way so that the message is not transmitted justly.Miscommunication can be caused both by the speaker or by the listener. That means by slips of the tongue or slips of the ear, because the receiver did not listen or on account of channel problems. However, we first want to deal with the difference of hearing and audience. 3. 1. Hearing and Listening One aspect through which miscommunication can arise is the difference between earreach and hearing. People hear or perceive sounds the sender is trying to transmit. However, we have to listen and reflect to understand the message.Hearing can be defined as attending to the sounds which come to the receiver at certain frequencies and intensities. Thus, the receiver cannot influence hearing but avoid audience since this is a higher cognitive process under the receivers control (Truax 2000 20). There are three levels of perceive attention. One of them is listening in search which is listening at its most active. It involves a conscious search of the environment for cues. Detail is of the greatest importance for this kind of listening.The listener needs the ability to focus on one sound to the exclusion. That means that in a noisy environment, the listener has to focus on the sound the speaker is producing and not on the terra firma noises. The second level is listening in readiness. This depends on associations being buil t up over time so that the sounds are familiar to the listener. Consequently, they can be set even by background processing in the brain. So, for example a mother does not wake up when trains are passing by but when she hears her baby crying.The last form of listening attention is background listening. That means that people are aware of sounds that are not important for getting the message so that they do not listen. One discernment for this is that they are usual occurrences and therefore expected and predictable so that people do not listen to them actively (Truax 2000 19-22). The more of these sounds are perceived, the more miscommunication is possible since an increase in the noise level means more psychological tress, greater fatigue and consequently an increase in performance errors on account of the extra load of information processing when the brain has to shut out noise (Truax 2000 19). Thus, miscommunication can arise involuntarily when people do not distinguish betwee n hearing and listening or lack the skill of listening in readiness, for example. If soulfulness lacks that skill, he cannot distinguish between important or less important sounds so that an overload of sounds is possible. So people maybe do not hear a letter, a word or a sentence. Slips of the ear can also happen when you lack concentration.However, it is also possible to tune somebody out because you do not like the person or since you are bored or tired (Myres/Myres 1992 139). Another problem that can arise in communication is that immediately after people have listened to a person talk of the town, they tend to remember only about half of what they heard, no matter how to a great extent they feeling they were listening (Myres/Myres 1992 138). Furthermore, the association one has to a sound can differ. That means that the listener does not associate the same meaning to a sound as the speaker does.So a reason for the loss of information or the understanding of impose on _or_ oppress information are for instance highly additional and basically uninteresting sounds that are perceived and do not encourage sensitive listening since they seem tangential for the listener. This can described as a listener- base and interactional- related problem. Consequently, problems can arise when the listener concentrates on background noises, when he thinks sounds are redundant or when he lacks concentration or listening skills. There are also problems on the phonological and prosodic level that lead to miscommunication with which we want to deal later.The problems or types of miscommunication mentioned above are listener based, the last one is based on an interactional and a listener problem. However, miscommunication can also emerge through problems in the channel, during the interaction or on the senders side at which we want to have a look now. 3. 2. Channel- based and interactional- related miscommunication The main channel- based problem that influences the comm unication process negatively is noise. If there is too much noise in the background, the listener much perceives only bits of what the sender is talking about.Consequently, the brain tries to restore the lacking segments by top-down contextual prediction (Clark/Yallop 1996 318). What kind of misunderstanding arises, that means if it is based on prosodic or phonological aspects, depends on the wanting segments. Another problem that may arise, is the overlap of turns meaning that for example two people are talking at the same time caused by problems in turn taking. Thus, the speaker A cannot concentrate on the sounds the other speaker (speaker B) is producing and does not understand passages of his speech. This can be reason as channel and interactional-related miscommunication.To avoid misunderstandings or miscommunication it is necessary that sender and receiver make a common ground. The speaker wants to know if he has succeeded in transfer the message and waits for evidence that the listener has to give by asking a question or using continuing contributions like yes, uhuh or I see. If miscommunication arises at this point, it can be categorized as an interactional problem. 3. 3. Sender and receiver related miscommunication Miscommunication is always a problem that arises either on the speakers side or on the listeners side.If there are channel problems, the misunderstanding comes up at the listeners side. However, the senders pronunciation can also be a reason for miscommunication, for example when he stutters, does not chat the word correctly or clearly and does not stress correctly etc. Regarding these kind of problems, we distinguish between two categories of problems, prosodic and phonological ones. 3. 3. 1 Prosodic problems Prosodic problems are Abweichungen in der Realisierung segmentubergreifender bzw. suprasegmentaler Eigenschaften lautsprachlicher Au? erungen (Grasegger 2004 78).That includes problems or dysfunctions of pitch, volume and into nation that influence the intonation of a sentence and consequently its meaning. Prosodic problems influence the perception negatively and lead to incomprehensibility. Problems that can lead to misunderstandings are stuttering and variations in pitch and accentuation (Grasegger 2004 78-79). Miscommunication can arise when people do not detect the proper word boundary. For example, when a word is spread over a squiffy and a following weak syllable, listeners tend to divide the former syllable at the onset of the second healthful syllable.Englishmen often tend to insert boundaries before tough syllables or cave in boundaries between weak syllables out (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997146). The reason why such miscommunication emerges is that strong syllables often signal the onset of lexical words (ebd. ). But the strong weak distinction is primarily based on a segmental property, vowel quality, rather than on a stress distinction (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148). However, not every language makes the same distinctions between strong and weak syllables (ebd. ). Whereas the rhythm of English sentences in stress-timed, French sentences are syllable-timed.As the segmentation procedures are part of the processing repertoire (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148) of the listener, an Englishman and a Frenchman talking can produce miscommunication by applying their strategies to detect word boundaries (vgl. Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 148). Furthermore, miscommunication can arise when a listener does not perceive the stress of some words, it is possible that he does not interpret the meaning correctly, for example in the vocal quality distinction (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997 155).If the receiver does not get the sentence accents or the intonation, he probably does not know if it was a question or an order or, taking the sentence Er ist nicht einmal gekommen (vgl Grasegger 2004 78), if he did not come or if he came several times. A misunderstanding can also come up when the speaker does not stress correctly. Usually, the listener who does not get the right words does not ask but adds the rest of the sentence so that a misunderstanding can arise. 3. 3. 2 Phonological problems Phonological problems are phonetic deviations on the word level.That does not include the pronunciations, the phonetics, but the wrong cream and order of elements a word, for example. We distinguish between paradigmatic problems and syntagmatic problems. paradigmatic problems include the choice of the wrong elements, syntagmatic ones the wrong sequence or order of elements. The latter could be that people understand papel sort of of apple. An example for a paradigmatic problem understanding the word Jacoc instead of Jacob (Grasegger 2004 123). Additionally, there are four different types of phonological problems elision, addition, metathesis, substitution.Elision means that the speaker march ons out segments of a word or a whole syllable. In general one omits syllables that a re not stressed. An example for an elision is verbalise and/or understanding nana instead of banana. Normally consonants are left out, in general the last consonant of a word like street which becomes stree. Addition means that the speaker or listener adds a consonant or a vocal so that apple becomes papple, zebra zebera or Tablett Tablette (Fromkin 1980 35-36). It is also possible that you have an elision and an addition in a word or that you double a syllable.A metathesis is a problem in sequencing so that the speaker exchanges syllables or puts them the other way round. So Blatt is Balt or fork frok. The last type of phonological problems, the substitution, means that the speaker has the same number of syllables but replaces one syllable by a different one. It is often replaced by another syllable that sounds similar like Jacoc and Jacob. It is also possible to leave something out and replace a syllable or a letter (Grasegger 2004 123-127 Fromkin 1980 47).The first segments in a word and the first syllables are more believably to be affected by speech errors since they are more think on during speech production (Fromkin 1980 48). According to Clark/ Yallop 1996, errors on the level of a syllable are detected far more readily than segment errors (Clark/Yallop 1996 319). When the listener does not perceive one syllable, the brain tries to replace the missing syllable by a segment that could fit (vgl. Clark/Yallop 1996 318). However, these processing in the brain might fail, especially when the words sound similar.Another aspect that can lead to miscommunication are these homophones. They are a type of lexical ambiguity, homonyme Ausdrucke verfugen uber identische Aussprache bei unterschiedlicher Orthographie und Bedeutung (Bu? mann 2002 284) like their and theyre. Consequently, misunderstandings can easily come up when for example the context is unclear and the word the speaker used sound similar but has a different meaning. This kind of miscommunication can also be categorized as message-related miscommunication.These problems can be listener-based so that not the speaker changes elements of a word but the listener understands the wrong elements, for example because there were also channel problems or he did not listen or sender-based because of slips of the tongue, for example. 4. Analysis of miscommunication In the following chapter we are going to analyse some misunderstandings according to the features we have listed above. For the appeal of data I used the diary method and searched in the internet. One example is interpreted from the internet, another one is a situation I undergo during the last weeks.The last example was originally broadcast on television some years ago that I remembered and wrote down. By analysing the examples of miscommunication, we want to come up with some possibilities how the misunderstanding could have emerged. 4. 1. A phonological problem The first misunderstanding is a situation I experienced some weeks ago. It took place on the dance floor during a training unit so that there was much background noise (people talking and music). The sender arrives and tells that he never wants to do it again with Korten, which is the last distinguish of an absent person.M Das mache ich nie wieder mit dem Korten A Was machst du nicht mehr mit dem Korken? This misunderstanding can be categorized as a phonetical miscommunication. The words Korten and Korken, that means t and k, are a minimal pair since they have a distinctive function and change the meaning of the word. The misunderstanding is based on a paradigmatic problem, the choice of the wrong element, sound, in the word. The listener substituted the letter t by the letterk. One possibility how the misunderstanding could have arisen is in the channel.On account of music and loud voices in the background, the receiver had to listen in search but could not understand the whole sentence because of the extra load of processing in the brain or a lack of concentration. Probably she only got the first passage of the word and the last syllable was added through brain processing as Korten and Korken only differ in one sound. Furthermore, the context was missing. M arrived and started the sentence with the word pika which normally refers to something that had been said before. In this example a reference was missing because this word was used at the beginning of the communication.Additionally, the person Korten M was talking about was absent so that the listener did not expect M to talk about him in this context. M also used an oblige to refer to a person what you normally do not do in the German language unless you are speaking a dialect. So we can categorize this miscommunication mainly as acoustic misunderstanding which is based on substitution of a consonant and probably came up on account of a channel problem. 4. 2. Hearing and Listening This example was taken from the internet. It is a telephone call an old woman ma de to the police force because she wanted to know if there was a thunderstorm in Neuss. 1)P (police) Hallo? (2)W(woman) hallo? (3)P Hallo, hier ist die Polizei (4)W Hallo, ich kann gar nichts verstehen (5)P Ne? Dann mussen Sie mal richtig zuhoren (6)W Ich wollte fragen, aah, wo die Nacht mouse hare Gewitter war. (7)P Daswar uber Bochum. (8)W Was? (9)P Uber Bochum? (10)W Saarbrucken? (11)P Auch (speaks up) (12)W Wo denn? (13)P Wo solls denn hin? (14)W Was? (15)P Wo das Gewitter denn hin soll? (16)W Wo das gewesen ist? (17)P In Deutschland (18)W Ich hab Sie jetzt aber nich verstanden, wirklich nich, sind Sie mir nich bose (19)P Ne, bin ich nicht (20)W Wo war das denn? 21)P Uberall (22)W Uberall? (23)P Ja, und das war nass. (24)W rich (25)P Nass (26)W . Ist denn viel passiert? (27)P Nein. (28)W Viel passiert? (29)P Nein (30)W Nein? (31)P Nein. (32)W Nein, Ja, entschuldigen Sie bitte, ich bin 99 Jahre alt und ich hab eine Tochter in Dusseldorf, in Neuss wohnen und ich hab noch zip gehort. (33)P Da war nichts. (34)W Was? (35)P In Neuss war nichts (36)W Da was es? (37)P Nein (38)W Nein? (39)P Nein, in Neuss kein Gewitter. (40)W Gewitter? (41)P Nein (42)W War da das Gewitter? (43)P Nein (44)W Nein? Ich hab kein Wort verstandenIch habe extra an die Polizei gewandt, dass ich Antwort krieg (45)P (schreit) Ja, da war kein Gewitter (46)W Was? Bitter? (47)P Da war kein Gewitter (48)W Gewitter? Wo? (49)P (lacht) (50)W Hier? (51)P Nein W legt auf. (source www. radiopannen. de) In general, this miscommunication seems to be listener and channel- based. However, there are several factors that lead to this miscommunication. Concerning the channel, the woman probably does not hear very well because she is already old. We can suppose this because she always asks was? and says Ich hab kein Wort verstanden.She was also nervous, because she had not heard of her daughter, what could influence the listening process. In addition to this fact, the telephone connection was bad and crackling in the wire could be heard. Perhaps the woman also lacked the skill or concentration for listening in search. In bank note 47 and 48 the woman did not listen to the beginning of the sentence and just paid attention when the man was talking about the thunderstorm where she was interested in. Obviously, she applied the wrong strategy, listening in readiness so that she heard what he was saying but only recognized the word Gewitter.The same can also be supposed for line 35 and 36. Moreover, we also have some misunderstandings that are based on prosodic and phonological problems as in line 39 and 40. Here we have a prosodic problem. The woman did not get that the police officer stressed the word kein, so that she thought there was a thunderstorm. In line 24 the woman understands bass instead of nass. This is a paradigmatic problem that is based on the substitution of n by b because they are minimal pairs and the words sound similar.In line 45 and 46 she understands bitter ins tead of Gewitter. Here she is not able to define the right boundary because the stress of bitter and Gewitter is on the last syllable. Furthermore, we have an elision of the letters g and e and a substitution. w is replaced by b. Concerning the misunderstanding in line 9 and 10 where the woman understands Saarbrucken instead of Bochum, we have to guess that this arose because she could not understand the word on account of channel problems and Bochum was replaced by another town in brain processing.So we can conclude that this miscommunication is based on various kinds of misunderstandings that are probably mainly influenced by channel problems such as a bad connection and an old person who is hard of hearing and maybe also lacks listening skills. 4. 3. flexion and homophones The following example for miscommunication was broadcast on television in 1959. A reporter called Heinz Maegerlein talking about sports pronounced the sentence Maegerlein Tausende standen an den Hangen und Pis ten which was interpreted by the spectators as Tausende standen an den Hangen und pissten. vgl. http//de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Heinz_Maegerlein) This misunderstanding can be interpreted as a message-related, listener or speaker-based miscommunication. It is a prosodic and phonological problem. As the words Pisten and pissten are homophones, the spectators added an s to the word so that it also becomes a paradigmatic problem. On account of the words being homophones, the misunderstanding is message- related. That is why the speaker has to put the emphasize on the right syllables and the pauses in the right position. Therefore, we also have a prosodic problem here.Either the speaker must have put a wrong stress on the words or the spectators did not get the right intonation. To get the message across correctly, the speaker is not allowed to make a pause after Hangen (Tausende standen an den Hangen und Pisten) since it would emphasize und Pisten. Thus, as the words are homophones and t herefore intonation very important, it seems that the problem is primarily a prosodic one, since the speaker has to try to get the right meaning across. 5. Conclusion Thus, we can conclude that most of the miscommunication happens on account of problems in the auditory channel.According to Fromkin 1980 about 60% of all misunderstandings are based on slips of the ear and 60% result in nonwords (Fromkin 1980 6). These misunderstandings can come up on the listeners side as slip of the ear because he does not listen, he lacks listening skills, does not concentrate, or on account of a mistake in brain processing. As the listener did not get an aspect of the communication, the brain searches words that sound similar. Miscommunication can also arise on account of channel problems like noise, interactional problems or message- related problems like homophones.Furthermore, the communication can be influenced negatively through slips of the tongue produced by the speaker. Consequently, the li stener replaces the target segment by other segments of the same level of description so that other words with different meanings or nonwords come up. Parts of words, sentences or syllables can also be left out or the place can be changed. Additionally, problems in prosody can influence the meaning of the sentence as wrong intonation makes the definition of word boundaries more challenging to the listener. .Bibliography Bu? mann, Hadumod (2002) Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart Kroner Verlag. Chandler, Daniel (o. A. ) The Transmission Model of Communication. http//www. aber. ac. uk/media/Documents/short/trans. html. Abgefragt am 25. 10. 2006. 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